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Association between ADHD symptom severity and motor activity in preschool children: A cross-sectional study
Adnan Faris Naufal1, Chevanya Diva Titania Davinci2, Anida Azkia Fitri31. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID2. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID3. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID2026-08-24|page 220-232AbstractBackground: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Objective measurement of motor activity may complement parent-reported assessment of ADHD symptoms.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between ADHD Rating Scale-5 scores and step counts, used as an objective indicator of motor activity, among children aged 4–6 years.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 110 children aged 4–6 years selected through purposive sampling. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the parent-completed ADHD Rating Scale-5, while step counts were measured using a digital pedometer during a 15-minute school recess. Data normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Pearson's product–moment correlation was used to examine the association between total ADHD Rating Scale-5 scores and step counts, whereas Spearman's rank correlation was used for the Inattention and Hyperactivity–Impulsivity domain scores.
Results: Total ADHD Rating Scale-5 scores showed a very strong positive correlation with step counts (r = .865, p < .001). At the domain level, Inattention scores showed a strong positive correlation with step counts (ρ = .756, p < .001), while Hyperactivity–Impulsivity scores showed a very strong positive correlation (ρ = .818, p < .001).
Conclusions: Higher ADHD symptom scores were strongly associated with higher motor activity, as indicated by step counts, among preschool children. Step-count measurement may provide a simple objective measure that complements parent-reported assessment of ADHD symptoms; however, it should not be interpreted as a diagnostic measure for ADHD.
APA Citation StyleNaufal, A. F. , Davinci, C. D. T. , & Fitri, A. A. (2026). Association between ADHD symptom severity and motor activity in preschool children: A cross-sectional study. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 220-232. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i2.777 -
A domain-specific peer-review checklist for sport science journals: Translating a conceptual framework into practice
Spyridon Plakias11. University of Thessaly , GR2026-08-01|page 172-181AbstractThe peer-review process plays a central role in ensuring the quality and credibility of scientific research; however, it remains characterized by variability, limited standardization, and a lack of domain-specific evaluation criteria. These limitations are particularly evident in sport science, a multidisciplinary field involving complex, context-dependent, and applied performance data. Although several guidelines for peer-review exist, they are often either generic or tailored to specific domains, limiting their applicability to sport science research. The aim of the present study was to develop a comprehensive, domain-specific reviewer checklist for sport science journals. Building on a previously proposed conceptual framework of publishable research, the checklist operationalizes key dimensions of manuscript evaluation into structured criteria, spanning editorial screening, conceptual foundation, methodological and analytical rigor, research transparency, scientific communication, and scientific and practical impact. In addition, the framework integrates both hierarchical and iterative elements of the peer-review process, conceptualizing manuscript evaluation as a cyclical process that begins and concludes with editorial decision-making. The proposed checklist provides a structured and contextually relevant tool to support reviewers in conducting more consistent and transparent evaluations, while assisting editors in decision-making and offering authors clearer expectations. Although not yet empirically validated, the proposed framework represents a step toward improving the quality, consistency, and contextual relevance of peer-review in sport science.
APA Citation StylePlakias, S. (2026). A domain-specific peer-review checklist for sport science journals: Translating a conceptual framework into practice. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 172-181. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i2.741 -
Medical observations and injury analysis: All Girls Touch Rugby Championship 2024
Mohamad Nizam Nazarudin1, Yong Qin Tan2, Ardo Okilanda3, Yovhandra Ockta4, Reshandi Nugraha51. National University of Malaysia , MY2. National University of Malaysia , MY3. State University of Padang , ID4. Universitas Teuku Umar , ID5. UniversitasPendidikan Indonesia , ID2025-04-04|page 32-45AbstractBackground: Touch rugby is a high-intensity, non-contact sport requiring agility, speed, and coordination. This study analyzes injury distribution, treatment effectiveness, and preventive measures among youth touch rugby players.
Objectives: This study examined injury patterns among adolescent female athletes during the 2024 All-Girls Touch Rugby Championship (AGTR 2024).
Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted using medical reports from the two-day All-Girls Touch Rugby Championship 2024 (AGTR 2024) at Universiti Putra Malaysia. The study examined 484 female athletes (ages 9–18 years), with 176 injuries recorded and categorized as soft tissue injuries (52.3%), abrasions (23.9%), and sprains (14.2%). Descriptive statistics were used to assess injury distribution, while chi-square analysis (χ² = 10.45, p < 0.01) evaluated the relationship between injury type and age group.
Results: Younger players (10–14 years) sustained more abrasions (60%), whereas older athletes (15–18 years) had a higher incidence of soft tissue injuries (68%). Injuries increased by 66.7% on Day 2, highlighting the impact of cumulative fatigue and tournament intensity. Ice therapy (68%) and bandaging (55%) were the most utilized treatments, with only 7% of cases requiring outpatient referrals.
Conclusions: Findings underscore the need for structured warm-ups, enhanced hydration protocols, and targeted strength training to reduce injury risks. The study emphasizes the role of injury surveillance, playing surface improvements, and gender-specific training programs in preventing injuries and enhancing athlete safety. Implementing evidence-based preventive strategies can promote the long-term development and sustainability of touch rugby for adolescent athletes. Future research should focus on longitudinal injury tracking and tailored intervention strategies.
APA Citation StyleNazarudin, M. N. , Tan, Y. Q. , Okilanda, A. , Ockta, Y. , & Nugraha, R. (2025). Medical observations and injury analysis: All Girls Touch Rugby Championship 2024. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 32-45. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i1.495 -
Analyzing the promotion of social skills and values in physical education texts and programmes
Loubna Belabbes1, Omar Ben Rakaa2, Moulay Smail Hafidi Alaoui31. Mohammed-V University , MA2. Hassan II University of Casablanca , MA3. Mohammed-V University , MA2025-12-12|page 275-290AbstractBackground: Global education systems increasingly emphasize holistic development by integrating social skills and ethical values into curricula, with physical education playing a central role in shaping students' cognitive, emotional, and civic competencies.
Objectives: This study examines how educational programs and policy documents promote social skills (e.g., empathy, communication, collaboration, autonomy) and ethical principles, with particular attention to the contribution of physical education in fostering academic achievement and responsible citizenship.
Methods: A structured literature review was conducted, applying predefined eligibility criteria and guided by socio-emotional learning and self-determination theory. Forty-five academic and institutional texts (published between 2013 and 2023), including frameworks from UNESCO and the Moroccan Ministry of Education, as well as programs such as PATHS and Second Step, were analyzed across diverse linguistic and cultural contexts, with a primary focus on Morocco.
Results: Communication (11.11%; 5/45), autonomy (8.89%; 4/45), and cooperation (8.89%; 4/45) emerged as the most frequently emphasized competencies in both Moroccan and international curricula. Physical education was found to reinforce resilience, leadership, and collaborative skills, whereas empathy (4.44%; 2/45) remained underrepresented—reflecting the prevailing prioritization of technical rather than socio-emotional competencies. Implementation remains constrained by structural barriers, including limited resources and cultural misalignment, despite the legislative support of Morocco's framework law 51-17.
Conclusions: Embedding social skills within physical education supports students' holistic development. Achieving meaningful implementation requires: (1) short-term alignment of system-level policies and teacher training, and (2) long-term cultural adaptation of programs supported by measurable monitoring indicators.APA Citation StyleBelabbes, L. , Ben Rakaa, O. , & Alaoui, M. S. H. (2025). Analyzing the promotion of social skills and values in physical education texts and programmes. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 275-290. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.493 -
The impact of coaching communication styles and training programs on novice tennis player satisfaction: A case study from Indonesia
Mohammad Aldi Zakaria1, Limpad Nurrachmad21. State University of Semarang , ID2. State University of Semarang , ID2025-07-17|page 152-161AbstractBackground: The satisfaction of beginner tennis players is often influenced by coaches' communication styles and the structure of training programs.
Objectives: This study analyzed the effects of coaching communication style and training program design on player satisfaction at Club First Tennis.
Methods: A quantitative, descriptive-associative approach was used with 50 beginner players in regular training sessions. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire covering coach communication style, training program design, and player satisfaction. Statistical analyses included validity and reliability tests, normality checks, and Spearman's rank correlation due to non-parametric data.
Results: Results showed strong, significant relationships between coaching communication and player satisfaction (r = 0.615, p < 0.05), as well as between training programs and satisfaction (r = 0.620, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that supportive and adaptive communication and well-structured training enhance athlete satisfaction and engagement.
Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of integrating effective communication and program planning in coaching beginner athletes. Future studies are encouraged to explore additional influencing factors such as intrinsic motivation or external support, and to involve larger sample sizes for broader generalizability.
APA Citation StyleZakaria, M. A. , & Nurrachmad, L. (2025). The impact of coaching communication styles and training programs on novice tennis player satisfaction: A case study from Indonesia. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 152-161. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.603 -
The combination of plyometric and ladder drills can improve acceleration and footwork skills in badminton players
Muhammad Labib Siena Ar Rasyid1, Oce Wiriawan2, Afif Rusdiawan3, Laily Mita Andriana4, Enarnimas Dwi Ratna Damayanti51. Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID2. Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID3. Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID4. Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID5. Department of Sports Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID2026-03-08|page 28-39AbstractBackground: Recognized globally as the fastest racket sport in the world, badminton demands exceptional acceleration and footwork skills for competitive success. However, many intermediate players often struggle to produce the explosive power needed for fast-paced rallies. To enhance these physical attributes, targeted training interventions, such as a hybrid regimen of plyometric and ladder drills, are often required.
Objectives: This study aims to analyze the efficacy of integrating plyometric exercises with ladder drills in enhancing acceleration and footwork proficiency among badminton players.
Methods: This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group. Through purposive sampling, 24 male participants (aged 14-16 years) with at least 2 years of training experience, good health, and no history of recent injuries were selected. They were assigned to either the PLD Group (age: 15.00 ± 0.74 years; height: 162.00 ± 0.07 cm; weight: 50.58 ± 5.68 kg; BMI: 19.20 ± 0.88 kg/m²) or the CV Group (age: 15.00 ± 0.85 years; height: 162.08 ± 0.08 cm; weight: 51.75 ± 8.05 kg; BMI: 19.59 ± 1.56 kg/m²). The intervention spanned six weeks, with three sessions per week. Performance in acceleration was assessed using a 10-meter sprint, and footwork skills were assessed using the footwork skills test (Tohar version) pre- and post-intervention. Data analysis employed the Wilcoxon signed-rank and the Mann-Whitney tests.
Results: The Wilcoxon analysis indicated that both the PLD and CV Groups achieved improvements in acceleration and footwork skills (p<0.05). However, the Mann-Whitney test revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups, with the PLD Group demonstrating superior gains in both acceleration (p<0.05) and footwork skills (p<0.05) compared to the CV Group.
Conclusions: Integrating plyometric training and ladder drills is an effective strategy for significantly improving acceleration and footwork skills in badminton players.
APA Citation StyleRasyid, M. L. S. A. , Wiriawan, O. , Rusdiawan, A. , Andriana, L. M. , & Damayanti, E. D. R. (2026). The combination of plyometric and ladder drills can improve acceleration and footwork skills in badminton players. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 28-39. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.669 -
The effect of championship participation on training intensity and motivation of Pencak Silat student athletes at Semarang State University, Indonesia
Achmad Alif Firmansyah1, Nanang Indardi21. State University of Semarang , ID2. State University of Semarang , ID2025-08-15|page 204-211AbstractBackground: Consistent training and high enthusiasm are the keys to an athlete's success in achieving optimal performance. However, among Pencak Silat athletes at Semarang State University (UNNES), there is a decrease in training intensity and enthusiasm when there is no championship agenda.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of participation in a championship on the training intensity and motivation of Semarang State University Pencak Silat athletes.
Methods: This study used a pre-post design with the same subjects (n = 30) and an explanatory quantitative approach to determine the effect of championship participation on training intensity and motivation. Data were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability (α = 0.872). Data analysis was performed using a paired t-test using SPSS.
Results: The results showed a significant increase in training intensity from a mean ± SD of 3.12 ± 0.54 (pre) to 3.78 ± 0.49 (post), and training motivation from 3.05 ± 0.61 (pre) to 3.85 ± 0.55 (post), with t(29) = 5.62 and 6.03, respectively, p = 0.004. Cohen's d effect sizes of 1.03 (intensity) and 1.10 (motivation) indicate significant effects.
Conclusions: These findings indicate that participation in championships is a significant external motivator in improving the quality of athletes' training. Therefore, championships can be a coaching strategy to maintain sustainable training motivation, a practical implication that this study has clearly demonstrated.
APA Citation StyleFirmansyah, A. A. , & Indardi, N. (2025). The effect of championship participation on training intensity and motivation of Pencak Silat student athletes at Semarang State University, Indonesia. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 204-211. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.620 -
Improving martial arts education through gamified learning: The case of Pencak Silat with Quizizz
M. Gusti Ariadi1, Wahyu Indra Bayu2, Soleh Solahuddin31. Sriwijaya University , ID2. Sriwijaya University , ID3. Sriwijaya University , ID2025-08-09|page 186-194AbstractBackground: The use of digital media in learning is an innovative effort to improve the quality of the teaching and learning process, including in physical education, particularly in the subject of Pencak Silat
Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of using the Quizizz application on the learning outcomes of Pencak Silat among students at Public Senior High School 1 Indralaya Selatan.
Methods: This research was conducted using a quantitative approach. The design used is a one-group pretest-posttest design. In this design, students are given a pretest before treatment, followed by a learning treatment using Quizizz media. After the treatment is completed, a posttest is administered. The population in this study consists of all 11th-grade students at Senior High School 1 Indralaya Selatan, totaling 149 students. From that population, a simple random sample of 30 students will be taken to serve as the research sample. The research instruments include a cognitive test in the form of multiple-choice questions and a psychomotor test in the form of basic pencak silat technique practice. Then the data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test to ensure data distribution, followed by a paired sample t-test using IBM SPSS Statistics version 30.0.0.0 (172) software.
Results: The analysis shows a significant increase in pretest to posttest scores, both in cognitive aspects (from an average of 37.87 to 58.83) and psychomotor aspects (from an average of 5.43 to 8.70). In the paired sample t-test, the significance value showed <0.001, indicating a significant effect of Quizizz media on students' learning outcomes.
Conclusions: This research concludes that the Quizizz application effectively enhances the understanding of concepts and fundamental movement skills of pencak silat in a fun and interactive way.
APA Citation StyleAriadi, M. G. , Bayu, W. I. , & Solahuddin, S. (2025). Improving martial arts education through gamified learning: The case of Pencak Silat with Quizizz. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 186-194. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.579 -
Motor activity and foreign language learning in preschool: A review of movement-based and total physical response interventions
Manuela Valentini1, Nausicaa Simone2, Alessandro Beretta31. Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , IT2. Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , IT3. Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , IT2026-04-02|page 93-105AbstractBackground: Movement may support early foreign-language learning through embodied learning, but the preschool evidence base is fragmented.
Objective: To review empirical studies on movement-based and Total Physical Response (TPR) interventions for foreign-language learning in preschool children.
Method: This study employed a systematic review design based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines, involving database searches and citation tracking to identify empirical studies on movement-based and Total Physical Response (TPR) interventions in preschool foreign-language learning. Studies were screened using predefined eligibility criteria and appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Data from eligible studies were extracted and synthesized narratively due to methodological heterogeneity.
Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Across stronger controlled studies, semantically integrated movement generally produced more favorable vocabulary and verbal memory outcomes than sedentary teaching or less integrated movement. Evidence focused specifically on TPR was positive in terms of engagement and short-term learning, but methodologically heterogeneous and less robust.
Conclusion: Current preschool evidence supports the promise of integrated movement-based language teaching, particularly when movement is tightly aligned with instructional content. However, the evidence base remains small, largely limited to vocabulary-related outcomes, and further rigorous preschool trials are needed to clarify optimal implementation and the distinct contribution of TPR.APA Citation StyleValentini, M. , Simone, N. , & Beretta, A. (2026). Motor activity and foreign language learning in preschool: A review of movement-based and total physical response interventions. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 93-105. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.694 -
Optimising physiological recovery after high-intensity training: A combined approach of hydrotherapy, contrast bath, and full-body massage in futsal players
Afif Dwi Nugraha1, Laily Mita Andriana2, Muhamad Fauzi Antoni3, Muhammad Labib Siena Ar Rasyid4, Bhekti Lestari51. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID2. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID3. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID4. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID5. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID2025-12-15|page 302-317AbstractBackground: Efficient recovery after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is crucial for maintaining optimal performance and minimizing the risk of injury.
Objectives: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of combining hydrotherapy contrast baths and full-body massage in accelerating physiological recovery after a HIIT session, compared to the application of a single method.
Methods: This study employed a pre–post quasi-experimental design with three parallel groups (n = 45; 15 participants per group) to analyze the effectiveness of hydrotherapy combined with whole-body massage compared with each method applied separately. Participants were assigned to one of three conditions: (1) hydrotherapy contrast bath only, (2) full-body massage only, and (3) a combined intervention using both techniques. Physiological recovery was assessed using validated instruments, including heart rate monitors for heart rate recovery (HRR), portable lactate analysers for blood lactate concentration, and a visual analogue scale (VAS) for perceived muscle soreness. Data were analysed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, paired-sample t-test, and One-Way ANOVA.
Results: The findings demonstrated that the combined hydrotherapy–massage protocol resulted in greater improvements than the single-method groups, particularly in lactate reduction (e.g., -3.1 ± 0.8 mmol/L vs. - 1.9 ± 0.7 mmol/L and - 2.0 ± 0.6 mmol/L; p<0.05) and faster HRR. Participants in the combined group also reported significantly lower muscle soreness (p<0.05).
Conclusions: This suggests that integrating contrast bath hydrotherapy with full-body massage enhances circulation, accelerates metabolic waste clearance, and improves subjective recovery following HIIT. Future studies are recommended to include larger samples, compare different hydrotherapy temperatures, or examine long-term adaptations from repeated recovery sessions.APA Citation StyleNugraha, A. D. , Andriana, L. M. , Antoni, M. F. , Rasyid, M. L. S. A. , & Lestari, B. (2025). Optimising physiological recovery after high-intensity training: A combined approach of hydrotherapy, contrast bath, and full-body massage in futsal players. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 302-317. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.655 -
Development and evaluation of an Android-based multimedia application to promote healthy lifestyles in physical education: A study at State Junior High School 29 Semarang
Galang Yusuf Pujiyanto1, Ibnu Fatkhu Royana2, Muh. Isna Nurdin Wibisana31. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID3. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2025-07-23|page 162-174AbstractBackground: The integration of interactive, technology-based media in Physical Education, particularly for teaching health-related content, remains limited despite its potential to enhance student engagement and learning outcomes.
Objectives: This study aims to address this gap by developing and evaluating the effectiveness of an Android-based multimedia learning application, "Healthy Habits," designed to support the delivery of healthy lifestyle materials in Physical Education, Sports, and Health (Physical Education) subjects at the junior high school level.
Methods: The research employed a research and development (R&D) approach, involving expert validation from media and content specialists and usability trials with teachers and students.
Results: Validation results indicated a "Good" rating from the material expert (average score: 4.05) and a "Very Good" rating from the media expert (average score: 4.24), confirming the application's content quality and technical feasibility. Teacher evaluations also yielded a "Good" rating (average score: 4.07). Student trials produced positive responses, with small group testing receiving a "Very Good" rating (average score: 3.29), which increased to 4.23 ("Very Good") in large group testing. An effectiveness test assessing cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning outcomes showed an average score of 85.6%, categorized as "Very Good." These findings demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of "Healthy Habits" as a digital learning tool for promoting healthy lifestyles in secondary school students.
Conclusions: The application offers practical value for educators and curriculum developers seeking to integrate mobile technology into Physical Education. Future studies are encouraged to explore the implementation of this application in varied educational contexts and its potential integration across other subject areas.
APA Citation StylePujiyanto, G. Y. , Royana, I. F. , & Wibisana, M. I. N. (2025). Development and evaluation of an Android-based multimedia application to promote healthy lifestyles in physical education: A study at State Junior High School 29 Semarang. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 162-174. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.607 -
Enhancing locomotor skills in preschoolers through play jump rope
Nancy Trisari Schiff1, Andy Supriady21. Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (STKIP) Pasundan , ID2. Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (STKIP) Pasundan , ID2026-04-14|page 135-146AbstractBackground: Fundamental Motor Skills (FMS), particularly in the Locomotor Skills domain, are an essential prerequisite for lifelong physical participation. However, the dominance of a sedentary lifestyle threatens young children's mastery of these skills.
Objectives: This study aims to test and prove the effectiveness of the jump rope play intervention program in improving locomotor skills in 5–6-year-old children.
Methods: This research uses a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample consisted of 19 males and 11 females, for a total of 30 children. Locomotor skills are measured objectively using the Locomotor subtest of the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2). The Jump Rope Game intervention was implemented in a structured manner over 8 weeks (3 sessions/week). The data were analyzed using the Paired-Samples T-Test.
Results: The research results show a highly significant improvement in locomotor skills scores after the intervention. The average score increased from 23.30 on the pretest to 27.87 on the posttest, reflecting a 19.61% increase. The paired-samples t-test yielded a p-value of 0.000 (p<0.05), confirming that the difference between the two measurements was statistically significant.
Conclusions: Jump rope games have proven to be an effective, efficient, and enjoyable intervention for significantly improving young children's locomotor skills. This research recommends integrating inexpensive, easily accessible play-based activities into the early childhood education curriculum as a practical strategy to support physical literacy and address basic movement deficits.
APA Citation StyleSchiff, N. T. , & Supriady, A. (2026). Enhancing locomotor skills in preschoolers through play jump rope. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.652 -
Development and validation of a table tennis serve skill assessment instrument for junior high school students: A psychometric approach
Muhammad Aliffajaruddin Alfani1, M. E. Winarno2, Siti Nurrochmah31. State University of Malang , ID2. State University of Malang , ID3. State University of Malang , ID2025-07-01|page 95-102AbstractBackground: The highest assessment weight in physical education lessons lies in psychomotor skills. In order to find out how far the competencies possessed by students, a clear and comprehensive assessment tool or instrument is needed.
Objectives: The research aims to develop a test instrument for forehand and backhand service skills in table tennis small ball games.
Methods: The development of this instrument uses a research and development scheme, with predetermined steps (1) determining objectives, (2) analyzing literature, (3) developing specifications, (4) administering, (5) conducting tests, (6) analyzing data validity, reliability, and objectivity. The cluster sampling procedure was conducted on students aged 13-15 who met the inclusion criteria, involving junior high school students (n=80), consisting of 41 female students and 39 male students. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 11.0. The basis for decision-making is the Pearson correlation test. The analysis technique in the reliability test uses a test and retest external estimation approach.
Results: The forehand serve variable has a calculated r-value of 0.456> r-table 0.312, and the backhand serve variable obtained a calculated R-value of 0.352> r-table 0.312, so the table tennis skill instrument on that variable was declared valid. At the same time, the reliability test shows a value above 0.70; the instrument that has been prepared can be declared reliable.
Conclusions: The assessment instrument for forehand and backhand serve skills in table tennis games for junior high school students has met the validity and reliability criteria. This shows that the instrument is suitable for teachers as an objective and consistent measuring tool in evaluating basic table tennis skills in students. Recommendations for future studies are encouraged to expand the sample size and integrate digital features to enhance the scalability and objectivity of the assessment.
APA Citation StyleAlfani, M. A. , Winarno, M. E. , & Nurrochmah, S. (2025). Development and validation of a table tennis serve skill assessment instrument for junior high school students: A psychometric approach. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 95-102. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.525 -
Immunity to rhythm: Visual or auditory stimuli during intense aerobic exertion do not modulate the mood of young adults
Flavio de Souza Araujo1, Camila Maria Menezes Almeida2, Mariana Ferreira de Souza3, Marcelo Magalhães Sales4, José Fernando Vila Nova de Moraes51. Federal University of Vale do São Francisco , BR2. Federal University of Vale do São Francisco , BR3. Federal University of Vale do São Francisco , BR4. State University of Goiás , BR5. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF) , BR2026-04-26|page 160-171AbstractBackground: High-intensity aerobic exercise can promote higher energy expenditure when compared to low and moderate-intensity exercise. However, vigorous exercise can negatively influence mood responses related to adherence. Auditory and audiovisual resources have been used to improve psychological variables during and after exercise.
Objectives: To analyze the influence of listening to music and watching video clips on mood responses of young adults after a high-intensity aerobic exercise session.
Methods: This is a Cross-Sectional Randomized Controlled Study in which fourteen male participants (23.4 ± 3.1 years; 26.2 ± 3.4 kg/m²) randomly performed exercise sessions on a cyclergometer, at an intensity of 10% above anaerobic threshold, in three situations: control (C), listening to music (M), and watching video clips (VC). At the end of each session, participants underwent 30 min of passive recovery. Mood responses were measured using Brunel’s Mood Scale (BRUMS) before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after recovery. Friedman’s and Wilcoxon’s tests were used, with a significance level of 5%.
Results: No statistical differences were found between conditions (C, C, and VC) for the dimensions confusion, fatigue, anger, tension, and vigor (p>0.05). A statistically significant difference was found for depression before exercise, with M higher than C and VC (p<0.05); however, no differences were observed after exercise or recovery.
Conclusions: Listening to music and/or watching video clips does not influence mood responses in young adults after high-intensity aerobic exercise on a cyclergometer.
APA Citation StyleAraujo, F. D. S. , Almeida, C. M. M. , Souza, M. F. D. , Sales, M. M. , & Moraes, J. F. V. N. D. (2026). Immunity to rhythm: Visual or auditory stimuli during intense aerobic exertion do not modulate the mood of young adults. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 160-171. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.702 -
The effect of game-based learning variations on elementary school students’ straddle jump gymnastics skills
Fadhilah Nurwahid1, Rizal Ahmad Fauzi2, Adang Sudrazat31. Indonesian University of Education , ID2. Indonesian University of Education , ID3. Indonesian University of Education , ID2026-04-01|page 57-67AbstractBackground: Physical education in primary schools is essential for the development of students' motor skills, including gymnastic abilities such as the straddle leap. In fact, numerous students continue to struggle to execute these movements accurately because of repetitive teaching approaches that fail to engage them actively. Consequently, a more stimulating and diverse educational methodology, including game-based activities, is required.
Objectives: This study examines the impact of fluctuations in game-based learning on the enhancement of straddle jump gymnastics skills among primary school students.
Methods: This research employed a quantitative methodology using a pre-experimental framework, namely the One-Group Pretest–Posttest Design. The study population comprised all 40 fourth-grade students at Citungku Elementary School, who were sampled using a total sampling technique. Data were gathered via a practical examination of straddle jump movement proficiency, adhering to the Australian Gymnastic Federation's evaluation criteria, which encompass four components: the initiation, propulsion, suspended posture, and landing. The intervention lasted four weeks and included eight sessions featuring activities such as frog leaps, mirror jumps, rope jumping, and hopscotch, all aimed at training the elements of the straddle jump. The Shapiro-Wilk normality test and paired-samples t-test were conducted in SPSS version 27 for data analysis.
Results: The study found an improvement in students' capabilities following the implementation of game-based learning modifications. The mean pretest score of 58.00 rose to 74.76 in the posttest. The paired-samples t-test yielded a t value of -9.894 and a p-value of 0.001 (< 0.05), indicating a significant difference between pre- and post-treatment outcomes. This demonstrates that the executed game activities facilitated improvements in students' motor coordination, push-off strength, body control during floating, and landing methods during the straddle jump movement.
Conclusions: Variations of game-based learning, including frog jumping, mirror jumping, rope jumping, and hopscotch, have demonstrated efficacy in enhancing straddle jumping gymnastics skills among elementary school students while fostering a more dynamic and pleasurable physical learning experience.
APA Citation StyleNurwahid, F. , Fauzi, R. A. , & Sudrazat, A. (2026). The effect of game-based learning variations on elementary school students’ straddle jump gymnastics skills. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 57-67. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.705 -
Weightlifting coaches' and athletes' understanding of injury prevention programs: a case study of Lumajang and Malang
Muhammad Izzan Atmagara1, Yulingga Nanda Hanief21. State University of Malang , ID2. State University of Malang , ID2025-09-21|page 222-235AbstractBackground: Weightlifting is a high-intensity sport with a high risk of injuries due to improper technique, insufficient warm-up, and excessive training loads.
Objectives: This study explores the understanding, strategies, and barriers of weightlifting coaches and athletes in Lumajang District and Malang City related to implementing injury prevention programs in performance sports.
Methods: This study used a qualitative case study approach. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, consisting of weightlifting coaches with at least one year of experience and athletes who had trained and competed at the regional level. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis, while data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, including reduction, presentation, and conclusion.
Results: The results showed that coaches and athletes emphasized dynamic warm-ups, core and back strengthening exercises, and correct lifting techniques as the main strategies to prevent injuries. However, limitations in facilities, literature access, and training variety were identified as barriers to implementing optimal injury prevention programs.
Conclusions: This study concludes that effective injury prevention in weightlifting requires structured warm-up routines, individualized training programs, and adequate supporting equipment. Strengthening coaches’ knowledge and providing better facilities are crucial to minimize injuries and enhance athlete performance.APA Citation StyleAtmagara, M. I. , & Hanief, Y. N. (2025). Weightlifting coaches' and athletes' understanding of injury prevention programs: a case study of Lumajang and Malang. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 222-235. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.601 -
Fun game–based learning improves gross motor skills in early primary school children
Ahmad Muttaqin Darussalam1, Sugiharto Sugiharto2, Sapto Adi31. State University of Malang , ID2. State University of Malang , ID3. State University of Malang , ID2025-11-23|page 236-249AbstractBackground: Children who face difficulties in gross motor skill development may withdraw from physical activities, experience low self-esteem, and suffer from social anxiety. Physical education plays a vital role in fostering gross motor development, especially when delivered through enjoyable and engaging activities such as fun games.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of fun game–based learning on the development of gross motor skills in early primary school children.
Methods: The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group. A total of 36 second-grade students from SDIT Mutiara Hati in Malang participated in this study. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a control group, a group-based fun games intervention, and an individual-based fun games intervention. The interventions were implemented three times a week for 30 minutes over a period of seven weeks. Gross motor skills were measured before and after the intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition (TGMD-3), a reliable and validated instrument. Data were analyzed using homogeneity and normality tests, paired-sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD post hoc tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05 (SPSS version 25).
Results: Both the individual and group fun game–based learning interventions produced significant improvements in gross motor skills compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant difference was found between the two intervention types, indicating that the mode of fun game delivery influences outcomes (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: Fun game–based learning, whether delivered individually or in groups, effectively enhances gross motor skills among early primary school children. Additionally, individual fun game–based learning demonstrated a significantly greater improvement compared to group-based learning.APA Citation StyleDarussalam, A. M. , Sugiharto, S. , & Adi, S. (2025). Fun game–based learning improves gross motor skills in early primary school children. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 236-249. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.613 -
Impact of five-cone and ladder drill training on agility among U15 football athletes
Pupuh Harya Prembanyu1, Agus Wiyanto2, Setiyawan Setiyawan31. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID3. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2025-11-26|page 266-274AbstractBackground: Although it may seem simple, soccer has complex characteristics, which is why many children are attracted to training at soccer schools. Agility is a crucial aspect of the game, as it enables a player to move quickly, evade opponents, and control the ball effectively. At the Pemalang Regency Bina Talenta Soccer School (SSB), agility training is not conducted optimally and has not been implemented systematically with effective methods. Therefore, exercises such as the five-cone and ladder drills need to be implemented to improve player agility more effectively.
Objectives: This study aims to examine the impact of five-cone and ladder drill training on the agility of U15 football athletes.
Methods: This study used a quantitative descriptive method with a quasi-experimental approach. The experimental design was a pretest-posttest in two groups. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with 20 players participating in a four-week training program. The instrument to measure agility was the Illinois Agility Test, with a validity level of r = 0.87. The measurement data were analyzed using a difference test with the help of SPSS software version 29.0.
Results: The five-cone drill and the ladder drill had a significant effect on agility, as both exercises had a significance value of <0.05. The five-cone drill was more effective than the ladder drill. This was due to the difference in scores between the five-cone drill, which increased by 1.04, and the ladder drill, which increased by 0.84.
Conclusions: Both training methods are effective in improving agility and can be integrated into school-based football training programs. Furthermore, the results of implementing these methods can enhance player performance and provide a valuable source of new knowledge for future researchers on agility in SSB players.
APA Citation StylePrembanyu, P. H. , Wiyanto, A. , & Setiyawan, S. (2025). Impact of five-cone and ladder drill training on agility among U15 football athletes. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 266-274. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.633 -
Impact of plyometric training using step-up and lateral box jumps on the improvement of leg muscle power in youth school futsal athletes
Risky Sandy Kurniawan1, Donny Anhar Fahmi2, Setiyawan Setiyawan31. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID3. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2025-08-15|page 212-221AbstractBackground: Futsal is a high-intensity sport that requires leg muscle power, especially in aerial duels, anticipating the ball, and performing powerful kicks. Limited jumping ability can reduce leg muscle power and overall performance.
Objectives: This study aims to test the impact of plyometric training using step-up and lateral box jumps on the improvement of leg muscle power in youth school futsal athletes.
Methods: A quasi-experimental single-group pretest-posttest design was conducted with 40 male participants over a four-week plyometric training program. Leg muscle power was measured using a vertical jump test before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using a t-test with the assistance of SPSS.
Results: Both step-up and lateral box jumps significantly increased leg muscle power (p < 0.05). The step-up group showed an average increase of 4.20 cm, while the lateral box jump group showed an average increase of 3.45 cm, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.326).
Conclusions: Both training methods effectively enhance leg muscle power and can be integrated into school-based futsal training programs to improve performance.
APA Citation StyleKurniawan, R. S. , Fahmi, D. A. , & Setiyawan, S. (2025). Impact of plyometric training using step-up and lateral box jumps on the improvement of leg muscle power in youth school futsal athletes. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 212-221. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.611 -
Functional movement patterns and bilateral asymmetry in badminton athletes: A Functional Movement Screen analysis at the Malang Regional Training Center
Avi Kholifatuz Zahro'1, Muhammad Atiq Noviudin Pritama21. State University of Malang , ID2. State University of Malang , ID2026-08-17|page 196-207AbstractBackground: Badminton involves repetitive unilateral overhead movements, rapid changes of direction, and explosive actions that may contribute to side-to-side differences in functional movement patterns.
Objectives: This study aimed to describe functional movement patterns and bilateral asymmetry among badminton athletes at the Malang Regional Training Center using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS).
Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 16 sub-elite badminton athletes aged 15–20 years selected through purposive sampling. Functional movement was assessed using the seven-component FMS. Total scores were classified as high (≤14), moderate (15–17), or low (18–21) injury risk. Bilateral asymmetry was identified from differences between right- and left-side scores in five bilateral FMS components. Data were analyzed descriptively using means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages.
Results: Most athletes (62.5%, n = 10) were classified as having moderate injury risk, while 18.75% (n = 3) were classified as high risk and 18.75% (n = 3) as low risk. Shoulder Mobility showed the highest prevalence of bilateral asymmetry (100%, n = 16), followed by the In-Line Lunge and Rotary Stability (62.5%, n = 10 each), Hurdle Step (50.0%, n = 8), and Active Straight Leg Raise (43.75%, n = 7).
Conclusions: Bilateral functional movement asymmetry was common among badminton athletes, particularly in shoulder mobility, while most athletes were classified within the moderate injury-risk category. These findings support functional movement screening to identify movement limitations and inform individualized corrective exercise strategies.
APA Citation StyleZahro', A. K. , & Pritama, M. A. N. (2026). Functional movement patterns and bilateral asymmetry in badminton athletes: A Functional Movement Screen analysis at the Malang Regional Training Center. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 196-207. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i2.756 -
Analysis of Game Variables and Influence on Defensive Success in Elite Handball
Iván González-García11. Universidad Isabel I , ES2025-06-29|page 77-95AbstractBackground: The analysis of defensive game variables in handball is essential to increase the performance of a team.
Objectives: This study aimed to analyse defensive success based on the game variables and situational variables that predict defensive efficiency in elite handball.
Methods: The sample was composed of 1925 competition units in the defensive phase. Data from 16 matches of the XXIII Men's Handball World Championship of 2013 were analysed. The dependent variable was the defensive efficiency in each unit, and the independent variables were defensive actions, zones of field, location of the shot, numerical situation, and duration of the defense. Data were obtained from the HandballTAS tool (Handball Tactic Analysis System). The collected data were analysed quantitatively through inferential statistics (independent sample t-test) with the assistance of SPSS 22.0.
Results: The defenses analysed in which an offensive foul, a ball recovery or steal, a throw block and a passive play action were recorded, achieved defensive success. In the analysis of field areas, the greatest defensive efficiency was obtained in shots from zone 1, with 60%, and from zone 2, with 54%. The highest percentages of goalkeeper effectiveness correspond to the middle zone, and the central zone. The greatest defensive efficiency was obtained in a warning of passive play situation with 70% and in numerical superiority situation with 67%. Finally, in the analysis of the duration, the greatest defensive efficiency was obtained in the half defenses (26 ≤ 50 seconds) with 60%.
Conclusion: This study serves to demonstrate which defensive game variables have the greatest influence on defensive efficiency. This aspect will serve to help the coach make decisions during a handball match and increase the probability of success in each defense.
APA Citation StyleGonzález-García, I. (2025). Analysis of Game Variables and Influence on Defensive Success in Elite Handball. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 77-95. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v3i2.340 -
Psychosocial predictors of academic achievement in physical education among Indonesian university students: Testing the mediating role of mental toughness
Muhad Fatoni1, Agam Akhmad Syaukani2, Pungki Indarto3, Imron Nugroho Saputro4, Ismi Husniyah Musyfiroh51. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta , ID2. University of Technology Malaysia , MY3. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta , ID4. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta , ID5. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta , ID2025-12-12|page 291-301AbstractBackground: Academic performance in this context is conceptualized holistically, encompassing the integration of cognitive, affective, psychomotor, and physical achievements. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory and Social Cognitive Theory, the study posits that physical activity interest and social skills serve as predictors of both mental toughness and academic outcomes.
Objectives: This study examines the mediating role of mental toughness in the relationship between physical activity interest, social skills, and academic performance among university students enrolled in physical education programs.
Methods: A quantitative approach was employed, involving the administration of structured questionnaires to 235 active students. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with a Partial Least Squares approach to assess construct validity and the relationships among variables.
Results: The results reveal that interest in physical activity and social skills has a significant influence on both mental toughness and academic performance. However, mental toughness did not serve as a substantial mediator within the proposed model.
Conclusions: These findings underscore the critical direct roles of affective and social factors in predicting academic success in physical education contexts. Theoretically, this study clarifies the functional position of mental toughness, while practically, it promotes the development of instructional strategies that enhance intrinsic motivation and collaborative skills within physical education curricula.APA Citation StyleFatoni, M. , Syaukani, A. A. , Indarto, P. , Saputro, I. N. , & Musyfiroh, I. H. (2025). Psychosocial predictors of academic achievement in physical education among Indonesian university students: Testing the mediating role of mental toughness. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 291-301. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.624 -
Teaching personal and social responsibility: An analysis of TPSR-based behaviors in physical education
Rama Adha Septiana1, Tite Juliantine21. Indonesia University of Education , ID2. Indonesia University of Education , ID2025-12-30|page 332-343AbstractBackground: The rapid growth of online gaming among students has raised concerns regarding behavioral regulation, responsibility, and social interaction in educational contexts.
Objectives: This study aims to systematically review empirical research on the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) model and student behavioral outcomes, and to explore its potential implications for online gaming and digital behavior contexts.
Methods: A literature review was conducted using SAGE Journals and Taylor & Francis Online databases, selected due to their strong coverage of peer-reviewed research relevant to physical education and pedagogy. The search covered publications from 2014 to 2024 using the keywords “TPSR” AND “student” AND “behavior” AND (“online game” OR “gaming”). Inclusion criteria were: (1) peer-reviewed international journal articles, (2) empirical or review studies addressing TPSR and student behavior, (3) student populations, and (4) publication within the last ten years. Articles that did not explicitly address TPSR-based behavioral outcomes were excluded. From 43 initial records, 4 articles met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized using narrative synthesis.
Results: The included studies primarily focused on TPSR implementation in physical education contexts, emphasizing behavioral responsibility, psychosocial mechanisms, and pedagogical approaches. Of the four studies, two employed quasi-experimental designs, one used survey methods, and one adopted a literature review approach. Overall, the findings indicate that TPSR-based learning is associated with improvements in personal and social responsibility, positive behavior regulation, and supportive learning climates, although direct evidence linking TPSR to online gaming behavior remains limited.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that TPSR offers a promising pedagogical framework for fostering responsible behavior and social regulation among students in the digital era.APA Citation StyleSeptiana, R. A. , & Juliantine, T. (2025). Teaching personal and social responsibility: An analysis of TPSR-based behaviors in physical education. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 332-343. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.647 -
The effect of peer teaching and think pair share on rhythmic gymnastics learning outcomes
Muhammad Lutfi Hasan1, Ibnu Fatkhu Royana2, Utvi Hinda Zhannisa31. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID3. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2025-08-14|page 195-203AbstractBackground: Rhythmic gymnastics plays a vital role in developing students' motor skills, coordination, and rhythm, yet many still face challenges in mastering movement concepts.
Objectives: This study compared the effectiveness of Peer Teaching and Think Pair Share (TPS) cooperative learning models in improving rhythmic gymnastics learning outcomes.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a two-group pretest–posttest was conducted on 68 eighth-grade students (male and female) at State Junior High School 4 Semarang, divided into Peer Teaching (n=34) and TPS (n=34) groups. Learning outcomes were assessed using a validated rhythmic gymnastics performance test, and data were analyzed descriptively with gain score calculation.
Results: The TPS group achieved a greater improvement in posttest scores (from 67.21 to 79.59; +18.41%) compared to the Peer Teaching group (from 79.18 to 79.85; +0.85%). These results indicate that TPS enhances students' understanding, coordination, and engagement in rhythmic gymnastics learning.
Conclusions: TPS is recommended for physical education teachers to improve performance, particularly for students with lower initial skills. Further studies should explore its long-term effects and retention.
APA Citation StyleHasan, M. L. , Royana, I. F. , & Zhannisa, U. H. (2025). The effect of peer teaching and think pair share on rhythmic gymnastics learning outcomes. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 195-203. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.619 -
Performance anxiety among student table tennis players
Yumna Wahyuningsih1, Ibnu Fatkhu Royana2, Galih Dwi Pradipta31. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID3. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2025-12-18|page 318-331AbstractBackground: Anxiety is a common psychological factor that significantly affects athletic performance, especially in competitive settings. Student-athletes face dual pressures from academic responsibilities and athletic commitments, making them vulnerable to performance anxiety that can impair focus, concentration, and decision-making.
Objectives: This study aims to analyze performance anxiety among table tennis athletes in the Student Activity Unit (UKM) of Universitas PGRI Semarang and to examine differences in performance evaluation outcomes based on sources from internal and external factors.
Methods: A comparative quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach was used. Fifty athletes participated (n=25 assessed by internal factors, n=25 assessed by external factors). Anxiety/performance was measured using a self-report questionnaire consisting of 15 Likert-scale items (1-5 scale) validated by three sport psychology experts. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA after confirming normality (Shapiro-Wilk test) and homogeneity (Levene's test).
Results: The internal group had a higher mean score (M = 3.64, SD = 0.86) compared to the external group (M = 3.07, SD = 0.86). ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference, F(1,48) = 4.92, p = 0.031, η² = 0.093, with an estimated Cohen's d of approximately 0.66, indicating a medium effect size. These findings indicate that anxiety factors affect athletes' performance, with internal factors tending to score higher than external factors.
Conclusions: This study concludes that anxiety affects the performance of table tennis athletes in the Student Activity Unit (UKM) at Universitas PGRI Semarang. Specifically, internal factors such as self-confidence and perfectionism have been proven to have a greater impact than external factors.APA Citation StyleWahyuningsih, Y. , Royana, I. F. , & Pradipta, G. D. (2025). Performance anxiety among student table tennis players. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 318-331. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.618
