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Promoting gender responsiveness in teaching physical education
Ryan Cazel Lalog11. Batangas State University , PH2025-04-04|page 1-14AbstractBackground: Implementing gender policies in physical education at Batangas State University remains moderate, with challenges in ensuring gender-responsive and equitable activities for male and female students. Issues such as students' self-confidence, self-perception, and limited gender mainstreaming strategies and resources hinder the development of a more inclusive learning environment.
Objectives: This study examined gender policy implementation, the use of strategies and resources in various physical education activities, differences in male and female instructors' assessments, challenges in gender mainstreaming, and the development of gender-responsive activities.
Methods: A descriptive research method was used, collecting data from 105 university physical education instructors (77 males, 28 females) through a researcher-made survey questionnaire.
Results: Findings revealed that gender policies were moderately implemented (mean score: 3.47), while both male (3.67) and female (3.63) instructors highly utilized strategies and resources in physical fitness, rhythmic activities, individual and dual sports, and team sports. No significant differences were observed in male and female educators' assessments, indicating shared perspectives on gender mainstreaming.
Conclusions: The study emphasizes the need for more vigorous policy enforcement and improvements in sports-related content to enhance gender inclusivity. Addressing self-confidence, self-perception, and individual differences is crucial for fostering equitable learning experiences. Universities should provide continuous professional development for PE instructors on gender-sensitive teaching strategies. Future research should explore the long-term impact of gender-responsive approaches on student engagement, performance, and overall well-being in physical education.
APA Citation StyleLalog, R. C. (2025). Promoting gender responsiveness in teaching physical education. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i1.392 -
Associations between physical activity intensity and motor balance in elementary school students: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study
Fahrurrohman Firdaus1, Indra Safari2, Rizal Ahmad Fauzi31. Indonesian University of Education , ID2. Indonesian University of Education , ID3. Indonesian University of Education , ID2026-04-01|page 47-56AbstractBackground: Children in primary school are becoming more sedentary due to advances in digital technology, which may reduce their physical activity levels. The development of motor skills, especially balance, which is an essential feature of children's motor abilities, can be impacted by a lack of physical activity.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity intensity and motor balance in elementary school students.
Methods: This study used a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design. The quantitative phase involved 50 students selected using saturated sampling, while the qualitative phase involved teachers and students selected purposively. Physical activity intensity was measured using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C), while motor balance was assessed using the Balance Beam Test. Quantitative data were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis in NVivo.
Results: With a correlation coefficient of r = 0.687 and p < 0.05, the analysis demonstrated a strong, substantial positive link between motor balance levels and physical activity intensity. The intensity of physical activity accounted for 47.2% of motor balance. Qualitative research revealed that students with high levels of physical activity were more likely to engage in active play, such as running outside, cycling, and soccer, which, in turn, indirectly improve balance and postural stability.
Conclusions: This study demonstrates that physical activity intensity plays an important role in the development of motor balance among elementary school students. These findings highlight the importance of integrating active movement-based learning strategies in physical education programs.
APA Citation StyleFirdaus, F. , Safari, I. , & Fauzi, R. A. (2026). Associations between physical activity intensity and motor balance in elementary school students: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.706 -
Immediate effect of thoracic spinal manipulation versus passive stretching on upper trapezius pain in university students: A randomized controlled trial
Sherin Nada Salsabila1, Adnan Faris Naufal21. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID2. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID2025-11-26|page 250-265AbstractBackground: Pain disorders in the upper trapezius muscle are often experienced by students due to non-ergonomic postures and excessive duration of device use. Interventions such as spinal manipulation and stretching exercises are non-invasive interventions often used to reduce pain and improve muscle function.
Objectives: This study compares the effectiveness of two interventions in reducing trapezius muscle pain among university students.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial involved 40 physiotherapy students divided equally into two intervention groups. Group I received thoracic spinal manipulation, and Group II received passive stretching. Each intervention was administered in a single 15-minute session. Pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and immediately after treatment. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test for within-group comparisons and the Mann–Whitney U test for between-group analysis, with an alpha level of 0.05.
Results: The Wilcoxon test revealed a significant decrease in pain within both groups (Group I: median pre 4.5 [3.63–5] to post 2.5 [1.50–3.38], p = 0.000, r = 0.879; Group II: median pre 4.25 [3–5] to post 1 [0.13–3], p = 0.000, r = 0.84), indicating a significant effect of both interventions. The Mann–Whitney U test showed no statistically significant difference in pain reduction between the two groups (median pain difference = 2 [1–3] for both, U = 186.5, Z = –0.375, p = 0.707, r = 0.06).
Conclusions: Both thoracic spinal manipulation and passive stretching were effective in reducing upper trapezius pain immediately after a single session, but no significant difference was found between the two interventions. These findings suggest that both approaches provide comparable short-term benefits; however, further research with larger samples, multiple sessions, and more extended follow-up periods is needed to confirm their long-term efficacy.
APA Citation StyleSalsabila, S. N. , & Naufal, A. F. (2025). Immediate effect of thoracic spinal manipulation versus passive stretching on upper trapezius pain in university students: A randomized controlled trial. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 250-265. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.634 -
Comparative analysis of plantar pressure distribution among football players across playing positions: A cross-sectional study
Arif Pristianto1, Anindya Maghfira Zain2, Farid Rahman3, Pungki Indarto4, Anugrah Nur Warthadi51. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID2. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID3. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID4. Department of Sport Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID5. Department of Sport Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID2026-04-01|page 68-81AbstractBackground: Football players exhibit different muscle activation patterns during different playing activities, which can affect plantar pressure on the feet. Uneven, unbalanced plantar pressure distribution can cause muscle tension, leading to musculoskeletal injuries in the feet.
Objectives: This study aims to determine and compare plantar pressure distribution among football players based on playing position.
Methods: This study is an analytical observational study using a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study consisted of 24 football players aged 15-18 years who met the inclusion criteria. Plantar pressure was measured using a Zebris Force Distribution Measurement (FDM) platform on the forefoot and rearfoot areas. Statistical analysis included normality tests (Shapiro-Wilk) and multivariate tests (ANOVA) according to data distribution.
Results: Differences in plantar pressure were observed between defenders, forwards, and strikers in static conditions (p < 0.05), but not in dynamic conditions (p > 0.05).
Conclusions: This study shows differences in plantar pressure distribution among football players in defender, forward, and striker positions under static conditions. However, under dynamic conditions, no significant differences were found among playing positions.
APA Citation StylePristianto, A. , Zain, A. M. , Rahman, F. , Indarto, P. , & Warthadi, A. N. (2026). Comparative analysis of plantar pressure distribution among football players across playing positions: A cross-sectional study. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 68-81. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.692 -
The impact of coaching communication styles and training programs on novice tennis player satisfaction: A case study from Indonesia
Mohammad Aldi Zakaria1, Limpad Nurrachmad21. State University of Semarang , ID2. State University of Semarang , ID2025-07-17|page 152-161AbstractBackground: The satisfaction of beginner tennis players is often influenced by coaches' communication styles and the structure of training programs.
Objectives: This study analyzed the effects of coaching communication style and training program design on player satisfaction at Club First Tennis.
Methods: A quantitative, descriptive-associative approach was used with 50 beginner players in regular training sessions. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire covering coach communication style, training program design, and player satisfaction. Statistical analyses included validity and reliability tests, normality checks, and Spearman's rank correlation due to non-parametric data.
Results: Results showed strong, significant relationships between coaching communication and player satisfaction (r = 0.615, p < 0.05), as well as between training programs and satisfaction (r = 0.620, p < 0.05). These findings indicate that supportive and adaptive communication and well-structured training enhance athlete satisfaction and engagement.
Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of integrating effective communication and program planning in coaching beginner athletes. Future studies are encouraged to explore additional influencing factors such as intrinsic motivation or external support, and to involve larger sample sizes for broader generalizability.
APA Citation StyleZakaria, M. A. , & Nurrachmad, L. (2025). The impact of coaching communication styles and training programs on novice tennis player satisfaction: A case study from Indonesia. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 152-161. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.603 -
Integrity in the age of AI: navigating authorship, accountability and ethical publishing
Yulingga Nanda Hanief11. State University of Malang , ID2026-04-03|page 106-112AbstractThe rapid emergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the landscape of academic writing and scholarly publishing, offering both opportunities and ethical challenges. This editorial reflects on the growing implications of AI-assisted authorship, particularly regarding authorship, accountability, and research integrity. While AI tools can improve clarity and accessibility, their misuse raises concerns about the erosion of critical thinking and the reliability of scientific results.
A key issue highlighted in this discussion is the increasing incidence of false or unverifiable references generated through AI-assisted processes. These practices threaten the credibility of scholarly communication and increase the burden on editors and reviewers. In response, this editorial emphasizes the importance of responsible AI use, transparency in authorship, and rigorous source verification.
Furthermore, the article outlines the journal's commitment to maintaining high standards of quality and ethical publishing. This includes strengthening editorial policies, promoting integrity in manuscript preparation, and encouraging accountability among authors. The editorial also calls on the academic community to adopt responsible practices in the use of emerging technologies.
In line with international publishing standards, this editorial is designed to provide critical perspectives, articulate editorial responsibilities, and offer a forward-looking stance on ethical scientific communication. Ultimately, maintaining trust and credibility in the AI era requires a collective commitment to transparency, rigor, and integrity at every stage of the publication process.
APA Citation StyleHanief, Y. N. (2026). Integrity in the age of AI: navigating authorship, accountability and ethical publishing. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 106-112. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.720 -
The effect of peer teaching and think pair share on rhythmic gymnastics learning outcomes
Muhammad Lutfi Hasan1, Ibnu Fatkhu Royana2, Utvi Hinda Zhannisa31. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID3. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2025-08-14|page 195-203AbstractBackground: Rhythmic gymnastics plays a vital role in developing students' motor skills, coordination, and rhythm, yet many still face challenges in mastering movement concepts.
Objectives: This study compared the effectiveness of Peer Teaching and Think Pair Share (TPS) cooperative learning models in improving rhythmic gymnastics learning outcomes.
Methods: A quasi-experimental design with a two-group pretest–posttest was conducted on 68 eighth-grade students (male and female) at State Junior High School 4 Semarang, divided into Peer Teaching (n=34) and TPS (n=34) groups. Learning outcomes were assessed using a validated rhythmic gymnastics performance test, and data were analyzed descriptively with gain score calculation.
Results: The TPS group achieved a greater improvement in posttest scores (from 67.21 to 79.59; +18.41%) compared to the Peer Teaching group (from 79.18 to 79.85; +0.85%). These results indicate that TPS enhances students' understanding, coordination, and engagement in rhythmic gymnastics learning.
Conclusions: TPS is recommended for physical education teachers to improve performance, particularly for students with lower initial skills. Further studies should explore its long-term effects and retention.
APA Citation StyleHasan, M. L. , Royana, I. F. , & Zhannisa, U. H. (2025). The effect of peer teaching and think pair share on rhythmic gymnastics learning outcomes. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 195-203. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.619 -
Fun game–based learning improves gross motor skills in early primary school children
Ahmad Muttaqin Darussalam1, Sugiharto Sugiharto2, Sapto Adi31. State University of Malang , ID2. State University of Malang , ID3. State University of Malang , ID2025-11-23|page 236-249AbstractBackground: Children who face difficulties in gross motor skill development may withdraw from physical activities, experience low self-esteem, and suffer from social anxiety. Physical education plays a vital role in fostering gross motor development, especially when delivered through enjoyable and engaging activities such as fun games.
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the impact of fun game–based learning on the development of gross motor skills in early primary school children.
Methods: The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group. A total of 36 second-grade students from SDIT Mutiara Hati in Malang participated in this study. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a control group, a group-based fun games intervention, and an individual-based fun games intervention. The interventions were implemented three times a week for 30 minutes over a period of seven weeks. Gross motor skills were measured before and after the intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition (TGMD-3), a reliable and validated instrument. Data were analyzed using homogeneity and normality tests, paired-sample t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD post hoc tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05 (SPSS version 25).
Results: Both the individual and group fun game–based learning interventions produced significant improvements in gross motor skills compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, a significant difference was found between the two intervention types, indicating that the mode of fun game delivery influences outcomes (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: Fun game–based learning, whether delivered individually or in groups, effectively enhances gross motor skills among early primary school children. Additionally, individual fun game–based learning demonstrated a significantly greater improvement compared to group-based learning.APA Citation StyleDarussalam, A. M. , Sugiharto, S. , & Adi, S. (2025). Fun game–based learning improves gross motor skills in early primary school children. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 236-249. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.613 -
Motor activity and foreign language learning in preschool: A review of movement-based and total physical response interventions
Manuela Valentini1, Nausicaa Simone2, Alessandro Beretta31. Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , IT2. Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , IT3. Department of Humanities, University of Urbino Carlo Bo , IT2026-04-02|page 93-105AbstractBackground: Movement may support early foreign-language learning through embodied learning, but the preschool evidence base is fragmented.
Objective: To review empirical studies on movement-based and Total Physical Response (TPR) interventions for foreign-language learning in preschool children.
Method: This study employed a systematic review design based on PRISMA 2020 guidelines, involving database searches and citation tracking to identify empirical studies on movement-based and Total Physical Response (TPR) interventions in preschool foreign-language learning. Studies were screened using predefined eligibility criteria and appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Data from eligible studies were extracted and synthesized narratively due to methodological heterogeneity.
Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Across stronger controlled studies, semantically integrated movement generally produced more favorable vocabulary and verbal memory outcomes than sedentary teaching or less integrated movement. Evidence focused specifically on TPR was positive in terms of engagement and short-term learning, but methodologically heterogeneous and less robust.
Conclusion: Current preschool evidence supports the promise of integrated movement-based language teaching, particularly when movement is tightly aligned with instructional content. However, the evidence base remains small, largely limited to vocabulary-related outcomes, and further rigorous preschool trials are needed to clarify optimal implementation and the distinct contribution of TPR.APA Citation StyleValentini, M. , Simone, N. , & Beretta, A. (2026). Motor activity and foreign language learning in preschool: A review of movement-based and total physical response interventions. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 93-105. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.694 -
The effect of championship participation on training intensity and motivation of Pencak Silat student athletes at Semarang State University, Indonesia
Achmad Alif Firmansyah1, Nanang Indardi21. State University of Semarang , ID2. State University of Semarang , ID2025-08-15|page 204-211AbstractBackground: Consistent training and high enthusiasm are the keys to an athlete's success in achieving optimal performance. However, among Pencak Silat athletes at Semarang State University (UNNES), there is a decrease in training intensity and enthusiasm when there is no championship agenda.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of participation in a championship on the training intensity and motivation of Semarang State University Pencak Silat athletes.
Methods: This study used a pre-post design with the same subjects (n = 30) and an explanatory quantitative approach to determine the effect of championship participation on training intensity and motivation. Data were collected using a Likert scale questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability (α = 0.872). Data analysis was performed using a paired t-test using SPSS.
Results: The results showed a significant increase in training intensity from a mean ± SD of 3.12 ± 0.54 (pre) to 3.78 ± 0.49 (post), and training motivation from 3.05 ± 0.61 (pre) to 3.85 ± 0.55 (post), with t(29) = 5.62 and 6.03, respectively, p = 0.004. Cohen's d effect sizes of 1.03 (intensity) and 1.10 (motivation) indicate significant effects.
Conclusions: These findings indicate that participation in championships is a significant external motivator in improving the quality of athletes' training. Therefore, championships can be a coaching strategy to maintain sustainable training motivation, a practical implication that this study has clearly demonstrated.
APA Citation StyleFirmansyah, A. A. , & Indardi, N. (2025). The effect of championship participation on training intensity and motivation of Pencak Silat student athletes at Semarang State University, Indonesia. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 204-211. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.620 -
Performance anxiety among student table tennis players
Yumna Wahyuningsih1, Ibnu Fatkhu Royana2, Galih Dwi Pradipta31. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID3. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2025-12-18|page 318-331AbstractBackground: Anxiety is a common psychological factor that significantly affects athletic performance, especially in competitive settings. Student-athletes face dual pressures from academic responsibilities and athletic commitments, making them vulnerable to performance anxiety that can impair focus, concentration, and decision-making.
Objectives: This study aims to analyze performance anxiety among table tennis athletes in the Student Activity Unit (UKM) of Universitas PGRI Semarang and to examine differences in performance evaluation outcomes based on sources from internal and external factors.
Methods: A comparative quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach was used. Fifty athletes participated (n=25 assessed by internal factors, n=25 assessed by external factors). Anxiety/performance was measured using a self-report questionnaire consisting of 15 Likert-scale items (1-5 scale) validated by three sport psychology experts. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA after confirming normality (Shapiro-Wilk test) and homogeneity (Levene's test).
Results: The internal group had a higher mean score (M = 3.64, SD = 0.86) compared to the external group (M = 3.07, SD = 0.86). ANOVA revealed a statistically significant difference, F(1,48) = 4.92, p = 0.031, η² = 0.093, with an estimated Cohen's d of approximately 0.66, indicating a medium effect size. These findings indicate that anxiety factors affect athletes' performance, with internal factors tending to score higher than external factors.
Conclusions: This study concludes that anxiety affects the performance of table tennis athletes in the Student Activity Unit (UKM) at Universitas PGRI Semarang. Specifically, internal factors such as self-confidence and perfectionism have been proven to have a greater impact than external factors.APA Citation StyleWahyuningsih, Y. , Royana, I. F. , & Pradipta, G. D. (2025). Performance anxiety among student table tennis players. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 318-331. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i3.618 -
Determinants of athlete motivation and engagement in collegiate team sports: Toward a sports development framework
Teejay D. Panganiban1, Samboy Nabor21. Batangas State University TNEU JPLPC-Malvar , PH2. University of Perpetual Help System Dalta Las Piñas , PH2026-04-14|page 147-159AbstractBackground: Athlete motivation and sustained engagement are essential for retention in collegiate sports programs; however, the institutional and environmental factors that influence these outcomes remain underexplored.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the determinants of athlete motivation and engagement in collegiate team sports using a Self-Determination Theory perspective, with engagement serving as a proxy for retention behavior.
Methods: A mixed-methods design was employed involving 75 collegiate student-athletes representing basketball, volleyball (men and women), baseball, and softball teams. Quantitative data were collected using a validated, researcher-developed questionnaire based on Self-Determination Theory and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple regression, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In contrast, qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Results: Findings revealed that organizational commitment (M = 3.42) and environmental support (M = 3.47) were rated very high, while incentives and facilities were rated high. All program components were significantly associated with athlete engagement (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that environmental support (β = .36) and perceived support (β = .31) were the strongest predictors, explaining 68% of the variance (R² = 0.68). SEM results indicated a good model fit (CFI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.061).
Conclusions: Qualitative findings highlighted intrinsic motivations, such as passion and belonging, as well as extrinsic motivators, including scholarships and rewards, alongside barriers, including financial delays, academic conflicts, and burnout. The study concludes that environmental and perceived support are the primary determinants of athlete engagement, emphasizing the critical role of competence-supportive environments in sustaining motivation and improving athlete retention.
APA Citation StylePanganiban, T. D. , & Nabor, S. (2026). Determinants of athlete motivation and engagement in collegiate team sports: Toward a sports development framework. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.718 -
Impact of plyometric training using step-up and lateral box jumps on the improvement of leg muscle power in youth school futsal athletes
Risky Sandy Kurniawan1, Donny Anhar Fahmi2, Setiyawan Setiyawan31. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID3. Universitas PGRI Semarang , ID2025-08-15|page 212-221AbstractBackground: Futsal is a high-intensity sport that requires leg muscle power, especially in aerial duels, anticipating the ball, and performing powerful kicks. Limited jumping ability can reduce leg muscle power and overall performance.
Objectives: This study aims to test the impact of plyometric training using step-up and lateral box jumps on the improvement of leg muscle power in youth school futsal athletes.
Methods: A quasi-experimental single-group pretest-posttest design was conducted with 40 male participants over a four-week plyometric training program. Leg muscle power was measured using a vertical jump test before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using a t-test with the assistance of SPSS.
Results: Both step-up and lateral box jumps significantly increased leg muscle power (p < 0.05). The step-up group showed an average increase of 4.20 cm, while the lateral box jump group showed an average increase of 3.45 cm, with no statistically significant difference (p = 0.326).
Conclusions: Both training methods effectively enhance leg muscle power and can be integrated into school-based futsal training programs to improve performance.
APA Citation StyleKurniawan, R. S. , Fahmi, D. A. , & Setiyawan, S. (2025). Impact of plyometric training using step-up and lateral box jumps on the improvement of leg muscle power in youth school futsal athletes. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 212-221. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.611 -
Examining the mediating role of perceived psychosocial support in the relationship between sport grit and psychological well-being among high school student-athletes
Daphne Scott Fernandez1, Kahreen Lou Mondina21. Saint Louis College La Union,Saint Louis College La Union , PH2. Saint Louis College La Union,Saint Louis College La Union , PH2026-08-01|page 182-195AbstractBackground: Psychological well-being is essential for student-athletes because they must simultaneously cope with competitive sport demands and academic responsibilities. Although both sport grit and perceived psychosocial support have been associated with positive psychological outcomes, the mediating role of psychosocial support in the relationship between sport grit and psychological well-being remains insufficiently understood.
Objectives: This study examined whether perceived psychosocial support mediates the relationship between sport grit and psychological well-being among high school student-athletes.
Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional correlational design with a mediation analysis framework was employed. A total of 362 high school student-athletes from the first district of La Union, Philippines, participated using total enumeration sampling. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires assessing sport grit, psychological well-being, and perceived psychosocial support. Descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and bias-corrected bootstrap mediation analysis (5,000 resamples) were performed using JASP.
Results: Student-athletes reported high levels of sport grit, psychological well-being, and perceived psychosocial support. Sport grit significantly and positively predicted psychological well-being, whereas it did not significantly predict perceived psychosocial support. Perceived psychosocial support demonstrated a significant but negative association with psychological well-being. Furthermore, the indirect effect of sport grit on psychological well-being through perceived psychosocial support was not statistically significant, indicating the absence of a mediating effect.
Conclusions: Sport grit is an important direct psychological resource associated with psychological well-being among high school student-athletes. Although perceived psychosocial support contributes to athletes' psychological functioning, it does not explain the relationship between sport grit and psychological well-being. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening athletes' internal psychological resources while maintaining supportive sport environments.
APA Citation StyleFernandez, D. S. , & Mondina, K. L. (2026). Examining the mediating role of perceived psychosocial support in the relationship between sport grit and psychological well-being among high school student-athletes. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 182-195. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i2.725 -
Associations of lower limb muscle strength and body reaction time with crescent kick performance in competitive pencak silat athletes
Jery Setiawan1, Siti Baitul Mukarromah21. State University of Semarang , ID2. State University of Semarang , ID2026-08-17|page 208-219AbstractBackground: Crescent kick performance is an important technical component of competitive pencak silat and may be associated with physical capacities such as lower limb muscle strength and reaction time. However, evidence regarding the relationships of these physical characteristics with crescent kick performance remains limited.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the associations of lower limb muscle strength and body reaction time with crescent kick performance among competitive pencak silat athletes.
Methods: This quantitative correlational study involved 30 competitive pencak silat athletes (age: 19.8 ± 2.1 years; height: 168.4 ± 6.3 cm; body mass: 61.7 ± 8.2 kg; body mass index: 21.7 ± 2.3 kg/m²) recruited using total sampling. Lower limb muscle strength was assessed using a leg dynamometer, body reaction time using a reaction timer, and crescent kick performance using a 10-second crescent kick test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple correlation analysis, with statistical significance set at p < .05.
Results: Lower limb muscle strength was positively associated with crescent kick performance (r = 0.734, p < .001), whereas body reaction time was negatively associated with crescent kick performance (r = -0.739, p < .001), indicating that shorter reaction times were associated with better kick performance. Multiple correlation analysis showed a strong combined association of lower limb muscle strength and body reaction time with crescent kick performance (R = 0.754, R² = 0.568, p < .001). Together, these variables accounted for 56.8% of the variance in crescent kick performance.
Conclusions: Greater lower limb muscle strength and shorter body reaction time were associated with better crescent kick performance among competitive pencak silat athletes. These findings highlight the relevance of muscular strength and neuromuscular responsiveness to crescent kick performance and may inform physical conditioning programs for pencak silat athletes. Further studies with larger samples and additional biomechanical, physiological, and technical measures are needed to better understand the factors associated with crescent kick performance.
APA Citation StyleSetiawan, J. , & Mukarromah, S. B. (2026). Associations of lower limb muscle strength and body reaction time with crescent kick performance in competitive pencak silat athletes. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 208-219. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i2.762 -
Association between ADHD symptom severity and motor activity in preschool children: A cross-sectional study
Adnan Faris Naufal1, Chevanya Diva Titania Davinci2, Anida Azkia Fitri31. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID2. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID3. Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta , ID2026-08-24|page 220-232AbstractBackground: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Objective measurement of motor activity may complement parent-reported assessment of ADHD symptoms.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between ADHD Rating Scale-5 scores and step counts, used as an objective indicator of motor activity, among children aged 4–6 years.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 110 children aged 4–6 years selected through purposive sampling. ADHD symptoms were assessed using the parent-completed ADHD Rating Scale-5, while step counts were measured using a digital pedometer during a 15-minute school recess. Data normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Pearson's product–moment correlation was used to examine the association between total ADHD Rating Scale-5 scores and step counts, whereas Spearman's rank correlation was used for the Inattention and Hyperactivity–Impulsivity domain scores.
Results: Total ADHD Rating Scale-5 scores showed a very strong positive correlation with step counts (r = .865, p < .001). At the domain level, Inattention scores showed a strong positive correlation with step counts (ρ = .756, p < .001), while Hyperactivity–Impulsivity scores showed a very strong positive correlation (ρ = .818, p < .001).
Conclusions: Higher ADHD symptom scores were strongly associated with higher motor activity, as indicated by step counts, among preschool children. Step-count measurement may provide a simple objective measure that complements parent-reported assessment of ADHD symptoms; however, it should not be interpreted as a diagnostic measure for ADHD.
APA Citation StyleNaufal, A. F. , Davinci, C. D. T. , & Fitri, A. A. (2026). Association between ADHD symptom severity and motor activity in preschool children: A cross-sectional study. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 220-232. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i2.777 -
Immunity to rhythm: Visual or auditory stimuli during intense aerobic exertion do not modulate the mood of young adults
Flavio de Souza Araujo1, Camila Maria Menezes Almeida2, Mariana Ferreira de Souza3, Marcelo Magalhães Sales4, José Fernando Vila Nova de Moraes51. Federal University of Vale do São Francisco , BR2. Federal University of Vale do São Francisco , BR3. Federal University of Vale do São Francisco , BR4. State University of Goiás , BR5. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF) , BR2026-04-26|page 160-171AbstractBackground: High-intensity aerobic exercise can promote higher energy expenditure when compared to low and moderate-intensity exercise. However, vigorous exercise can negatively influence mood responses related to adherence. Auditory and audiovisual resources have been used to improve psychological variables during and after exercise.
Objectives: To analyze the influence of listening to music and watching video clips on mood responses of young adults after a high-intensity aerobic exercise session.
Methods: This is a Cross-Sectional Randomized Controlled Study in which fourteen male participants (23.4 ± 3.1 years; 26.2 ± 3.4 kg/m²) randomly performed exercise sessions on a cyclergometer, at an intensity of 10% above anaerobic threshold, in three situations: control (C), listening to music (M), and watching video clips (VC). At the end of each session, participants underwent 30 min of passive recovery. Mood responses were measured using Brunel’s Mood Scale (BRUMS) before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after recovery. Friedman’s and Wilcoxon’s tests were used, with a significance level of 5%.
Results: No statistical differences were found between conditions (C, C, and VC) for the dimensions confusion, fatigue, anger, tension, and vigor (p>0.05). A statistically significant difference was found for depression before exercise, with M higher than C and VC (p<0.05); however, no differences were observed after exercise or recovery.
Conclusions: Listening to music and/or watching video clips does not influence mood responses in young adults after high-intensity aerobic exercise on a cyclergometer.
APA Citation StyleAraujo, F. D. S. , Almeida, C. M. M. , Souza, M. F. D. , Sales, M. M. , & Moraes, J. F. V. N. D. (2026). Immunity to rhythm: Visual or auditory stimuli during intense aerobic exertion do not modulate the mood of young adults. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 160-171. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.702 -
Benefits of the SHC System on Publication Management and Promotion of Sports Actor Services
Sapto Adi1, Abi Fajar Fathoni21. State University of Malang , ID2. State University of Malang , ID2022-04-06|page 1-20AbstractBackground: Publication and promotion of the profession as a sports actor has not been seen optimally. One that shows this is that it is difficult to find traces of the legality of the profession, its achievements, and its relationships. Some of these traces are very important to know because they can be a measure of the quality of services so that the public can determine the appropriate sports players to meet the needs of services in the field of sports. For this reason, it is necessary to develop an online system that makes it easier for the public to obtain information related to sports actors. As well as helping sports actors for the publication and promotion of their profession.
Objectives: The purpose of the research is to develop a Sport Human Connection (SHC) system that can help sports players for publication and promotion of their profession.
Methods: This research method uses research and development methods. The research subjects were sports actors (coaches, athletes, management of sports institutions, masseurs, and physiotherapists) as many as 60 people. The selection of research subjects was done randomly. The data collection technique was carried out by conducting a survey. The research instrument used closed and open questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is descriptive quantitative data analysis and narrative analysis.
Results: From the data obtained from the research subjects, it can be said that the SHC system has benefits for the publication and promotion of the profession of sports players with the support of features that display professional legality, achievements, relations, and communication features.
Conclusion: Looking at the results of the study, it can be concluded that the SHC system provides the benefits of publication and promotion of the profession of sports players.
APA Citation StyleAdi, S. , & Fathoni, A. F. (2022). Benefits of the SHC System on Publication Management and Promotion of Sports Actor Services. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v1i1.71 -
Efforts to Improve the Physical Conditions of Banyuwangi Teenage and Junior Wrestling Athletes After Coronavirus Outbreak Covid-19
Surya Adi Saputra1, Rohmat Al Wafi2, Tatok Sugiarto31. State University of Malang , ID2. State University of Malang , ID3. State University of Malang , ID2022-04-17|page 38-50AbstractBackground: The decreased intensity of exercise accompanied by the absence of an exercise program aimed at maintaining physical condition during the COVID-19 outbreak caused the wrestling athletes of Camp Satria Perkasa Kedunggebang to experience a decrease in physical condition.
Objectives: This study aims to improve the physical quality of 20 athletes categorized according to their teens (ages 13-16 years) and juniors (ages 17-21 years), consisting of 14 males and 6 females.
Methods: The research method used is a quantitative research type within action sports research. In this sports action research, there are two cycles, and each cycle consists of 3 to 5 meetings, where each cycle consists of 4 stages, namely planning, action/treatment, observation/observation, and reflection.
Results: From the results of the tests that have been carried out, many athletes have managed to improve their speed quality as much as 70% of the total athletes, 75% agility quality, 85% strength component and 75% endurance.
Conclusion: That all components of the athlete's physical condition have successfully met the previously targeted success criteria.
APA Citation StyleSaputra, S. A. , Wafi, R. A. , & Sugiarto, T. (2022). Efforts to Improve the Physical Conditions of Banyuwangi Teenage and Junior Wrestling Athletes After Coronavirus Outbreak Covid-19. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 38-50. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v1i1.106 -
Teachers’ Management in Implementation of CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) 39, Series of 2021 towards the Achievement of Students’ Learning Outcomes in Physical Education
John Michael Aquino11. Laguna State Polytechnic University , PH2023-04-20|page 26-43AbstractBackground: The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) has issued Memorandum Order (CMO) No. 39, Series of 2021 that strengthens the management of physical education teachers and promotes the achievement of students’ learning outcomes. Higher education institutions will guarantee that they are adhering to the requirements of the CMO to ensure the quality of instruction in physical education and the improvement of the students’ learning outcomes.
Objectives: This research aims to investigate the process of implementation of the CMO 39, Series of 2021 and its contribution to the improvement of student learning outcomes in Physical Education (PE).
Methods: Through a qualitative research design based on a phenomenological approach, the researchers employed a purposive sampling method to select 9 male and 3 female PE teachers from Higher Learning Institution in the Philippines. A non-test instrument consisting of an interview guide was used to collect data from the study participants. The data was then analyzed to identify themes and patterns that emerged from the responses.
Results: The study revealed the effectiveness of physical education in terms of student motivation, class orientation, students’ participation, and the application of the Physical Activity Towards Health and Fitness (PATHFIT) program. The findings show that physical education is an important part of the educational process and has a direct influence on the students' learning outcomes. Furthermore, the study also highlights the importance of providing students with the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed, and of assessing the students' abilities from their performance to achieve course objective with good behavior and attitude.
Conclusion: It showed potential areas of improvement in the implementation process to ensure that the objectives of the memorandum are achieved, which is necessary for teachers to be aware of the competencies that need to be developed for students. This research will contribute to the existing literature on the importance of quality assurance programs, particularly in the area of physical education.
APA Citation StyleAquino, J. M. (2023). Teachers’ Management in Implementation of CHED Memorandum Order (CMO) 39, Series of 2021 towards the Achievement of Students’ Learning Outcomes in Physical Education. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 26-43. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v2i1.190 -
Capabilities in Physical Education: A Comparative Analysis of School Heads’ and Teachers’ Perspectives
Davidsol Mendoza1, Maryjane Calabia21. Batangas State University , PH2. Padre Garcia Integrated National High School , PH2024-04-29|page 26-45AbstractBackground: Effective education delivery relies on PE teachers’ abilities. Research indicates that students’ school performance significantly depends on the quality of PE teaching.
Objectives: This study focused on assessing instructional capabilities in physical education. Specifically, it examined how school heads and teachers evaluated teachers’ abilities in content knowledge, pedagogical skills, communication, and professionalism. Additionally, the study compared assessments between the two groups.
Methods: The study employed a descriptive research design involving 98 physical education teachers and 59 school heads from the Division of Batangas City. Data collection utilized a researcher-made questionnaire and interviews. Statistical analysis involved weighted mean and independent t-tests for data interpretation.
Results: The assessment revealed valuable insights regarding PE teachers’ instructional capabilities. Administrators acknowledged strengths in lesson introduction and accurate content delivery. However, areas for improvement included integrating key elements and promoting higher-order thinking skills. PE teachers felt confident introducing lessons but recognized a need to refine performance demonstrations. Administrators praised diverse teaching methods but suggested creating more challenging experiences. Communication skills were positive, with room for improvement in grammatical accuracy. PE teachers expressed dedication to student physical education but identified a need for more decisive leadership in school-based activities. The findings highlighted specific improvement needs while emphasizing contrasting perceptions between administrators and PE teachers.
Conclusion: The assessment found that physical education (PE) teachers are capable in delivering junior high school PE. However, they need familiarity with emerging trends to enhance instruction. School heads and PE teachers have differing views on instructional capabilities, attributed to assessment sources: administrators rely on scheduled observations, while PE instructors use self-assessment and daily teaching experiences.
APA Citation StyleMendoza, D. , & Calabia, M. (2024). Capabilities in Physical Education: A Comparative Analysis of School Heads’ and Teachers’ Perspectives. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 26-45. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v3i1.347 -
A Modern Pedagogical Approach in The Subject of Physical Education
Ferdinando Cereda11. The Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan , IT2023-10-31|page 126-141AbstractBackground: The pedagogical paradigm (PP) is a complex framework encompassing various pedagogical elements integral to the instructional and educational process. These paradigms manifest in diverse forms without entirely replacing their precursor frameworks, as they are built upon established principles and concepts. Understanding the architectural structure of each paradigm is crucial in distinguishing these pedagogical models.
Objective: This exposition aims to provide a rationale for the integration of the pedagogical paradigm within the realm of PE.
Methods: In the literature review, the EBSCO database was utilized via SPORTDiscus. This theoretical review draws upon various scholarly sources, including Taylor and Francis, ERIC, Scopus, Google Scholar These repositories provide a global perspective, with the majority of references selected from the decade leading up to the onset of the pandemic.
Results: The literature analysis reveals the intricate nature of pedagogical paradigms and their importance in the field of PE. It underscores the need for instructors to adapt their teaching approaches to meet the specific needs of students based on their age and developmental stage. The integration of the pedagogical paradigm within PE is proposed as a valuable concept to enhance the quality of physical education programs.
Conclusion: The incorporation of the PP into the domain of PE holds promise for improving the effectiveness of PE instruction. This review, based on a thorough examination of pertinent literature, highlights the relevance of PP in adapting teaching methodologies to suit the diverse needs of students. While this study does not provide empirical evidence, it lays the theoretical groundwork for future research and practical applications in the field of PE. Further investigations and practical implementations are warranted to assess the feasibility and benefits of incorporating PP within PE instruction.
APA Citation StyleCereda, F. (2023). A Modern Pedagogical Approach in The Subject of Physical Education. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 126-141. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v2i2.265 -
Survey on the Effectiveness of the Online Learning Process Due to the Coronavirus Pandemic in Physical Education
Indung Pranata1, Ari Wibowo Kurniawan21. State University of Malang , ID2. State University of Malang , ID2022-03-31|page 51-62AbstractBackground: Since the outbreak of the coronavirus covid-19 in Indonesia, education has offered online learning. Online learning requires system support, namely hardware (smartphone, tablet, or laptop/personal computer), internet network, and human resources. However, the implementation of online learning encounters several challenges and obstacles, especially online learning in physical education in elementary schools.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine and examine the effectiveness of the online learning process due to the coronavirus pandemic in Physical Education and Health subjects at SD Negeri 6 Sumbermanjingkulon, Pagak District, Malang Regency.
Methods: This study used a descriptive research design with a survey method. This study involved 48 elementary school students. The data collected through a questionnaire method or a google form-based questionnaire that has been tested for validity by an expert. Data analysis was carried out on five indicators in the study. The indicators consist of student interest, interest, benefits, learning facilities and infrastructure, and quality of interaction.
Results: The results of the study indicate that the effectiveness of online learning at SD Negeri 6 Sumbermanjingkulon is in the criteria of being quite effective with a percentage of 46.90%.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it shows that overall online learning in physical education and health subjects is quite effective, but the percentage obtained between quite effective and ineffective is only a slight difference.
APA Citation StylePranata, I. , & Kurniawan, A. W. (2022). Survey on the Effectiveness of the Online Learning Process Due to the Coronavirus Pandemic in Physical Education. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 51-62. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v1i1.112
