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  • A comparison of VO₂max response of 15-year-old soccer athletes based on training time in the tropical climate of Bima

    Firdaus Firdaus1, Taty Hartati2, Rabwan Satriawan3, Shutan Arie Shandi4, Nor Fazila Abd Malek5
    1. Department of Physical Education, STKIP Taman Siswa Bima , ID
    2. Department of History, STKIP Taman Siswa Bima , ID
    3. Department of Physical Education, STKIP Taman Siswa Bima , ID
    4. Department of Physical Education, STKIP Taman Siswa Bima , ID
    5. Faculty of Sports Science and Coaching, Sultan Idris Education University , MY
    2026-04-14
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.709
    Published Online: 14 April 2026
    |
    page 125-134
    Abstract

    Background: VO₂max is the primary indicator of a soccer athlete's aerobic capacity, but in tropical climates like Bima, high temperatures and humidity can affect VO₂max achievement. Hence, the timing of training is an important factor to consider.

    Objectives: This study aims to analyze differences in VO₂max across training times (morning and afternoon) in 15-year-old youth soccer athletes from the Bima Football Association (PERSSEBI).

    Methods: The study used a quantitative, comparative, cross-sectional observational design. The study subjects were 45 athletes (age 15.31±0.46; height 163.12±4.35 cm; weight 55.28±3.67 kg; and body mass index (BMI) 20.78±1.18 kg/m²) from the Bima Football Association (PERSEBI), selected by purposive sampling, and divided into morning (n=23) and afternoon (n=22) training groups. VO₂max was measured using a multistage fitness test (Bleep Test). Data analysis included descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, the Levene homogeneity test, and the independent-samples t-test at a significance level of 0.05, using IBM SPSS 25.

    Results: The descriptive analysis showed that the average VO₂max of the morning group was 43.78 ± 2.34 ml/kg/minute, higher than that of the afternoon group (42.91 ± 2.29 ml/kg/minute). The results of the independent sample t-test showed that there was a significant difference in VO₂max between the two groups with a t value = 2.14 with df = 43 and a significant p value = 0.04 (p < 0.05) with an average difference of 0.87 ml/kg/minute indicating that the morning exercise group had a higher Vo2max value than the afternoon exercise group.

    Conclusions: These findings suggest that training time contributes to differences in athletes' VO₂max values in tropical environments, with morning training resulting in higher performance than afternoon training. Therefore, scheduling training that accounts for environmental conditions is crucial for optimizing athletes' VO₂max.

    APA Citation Style
    Firdaus, F. , Hartati, T. , Satriawan, R. , Shandi, S. A. , & Malek, N. F. A. (2026). A comparison of VO₂max response of 15-year-old soccer athletes based on training time in the tropical climate of Bima. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.709

  • Performance determinants in tropical trail running: Race result analysis of the 5K and 10K Merapi Merbabu de Trail 2025

    Siti Baitul Mukarromah1, Sugiarto Sugiarto2, Gustiana Mega Anggita3, Sri Agus Budi Santoso4, Sangheon Park5, Ambar Dwi Erawati6, Rikha Liemiyah7, Aziiz Mardanarian Rosdianto8, Ronny Lesmana9, Faisyal Syofian10
    1. State University of Semarang , ID
    2. State University of Semarang , ID
    3. State University of Semarang , ID
    4. Tarra Adventure, Boyolali Regency, Central Java Province , ID
    5. Korea Institute of Sport Science, Seoul , KR
    6. Widya Husada Semarang University , ID
    7. Universitas Dian Nuswantoro , ID
    8. Universitas Padjajaran , ID
    9. Universitas Padjajaran , ID
    10. Sultan Agung Islamic University , ID
    2026-04-03
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.699
    Published Online: 03 April 2026
    |
    page 82-92
    Abstract
    Background: The limited research on the determinants of performance in short-distance trail running in tropical environments is a major problem in understanding the influence of environmental conditions on runners' performance and pacing strategies.

    Objectives: This study aimed to examine the influence of race distance, sex, and age on trail running performance in the 5K and 10K categories of the Merapi Merbabu de Trail 2025.

    Methods: A retrospective observational race result analysis was conducted using official race data from the Merapi Merbabu de Trail 2025. The study included 429 runners (5K: n = 144; 10K: n = 285), consisting of 275 male and 154 female participants. The primary outcome variable was finish time (in minutes), while the independent variables included race, distance, sex, and age. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26, including descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-tests, Cohen’s d effect sizes, and multiple linear regression to evaluate predictors of performance.

    Results: Results showed a significant difference in performance between race distances. The mean finish time for the 5K category was 152.8 ± 44.3 minutes, while the 10K category averaged 306.1 ± 74.3 minutes (t = -26.68, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 2.50). Male runners completed the 10K race faster than female runners (293 vs. 345 minutes). Regression analysis indicated that finish time increased by approximately 2–3 minutes per year of age, indicating a progressive decline in performance with increasing age.

    Conclusions: These findings indicate that race distance, sex, and age are significant determinants of trail running performance in tropical environments.
    APA Citation Style
    Mukarromah, S. B. , Sugiarto, S. , Anggita, G. M. , Santoso, S. A. B. , Park, S. , Erawati, A. D. , Liemiyah, R. , Rosdianto, A. M. , Lesmana, R. , & Syofian, F. (2026). Performance determinants in tropical trail running: Race result analysis of the 5K and 10K Merapi Merbabu de Trail 2025. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 82-92. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i1.699
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