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  • Functional movement patterns and bilateral asymmetry in badminton athletes: A Functional Movement Screen analysis at the Malang Regional Training Center

    Avi Kholifatuz Zahro'1, Muhammad Atiq Noviudin Pritama2
    1. State University of Malang , ID
    2. State University of Malang , ID
    2026-08-17
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i2.756
    Published Online: 17 August 2026
    |
    page 196-207
    Abstract

    Background: Badminton involves repetitive unilateral overhead movements, rapid changes of direction, and explosive actions that may contribute to side-to-side differences in functional movement patterns.

    Objectives: This study aimed to describe functional movement patterns and bilateral asymmetry among badminton athletes at the Malang Regional Training Center using the Functional Movement Screen (FMS).

    Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 16 sub-elite badminton athletes aged 15–20 years selected through purposive sampling. Functional movement was assessed using the seven-component FMS. Total scores were classified as high (≤14), moderate (15–17), or low (18–21) injury risk. Bilateral asymmetry was identified from differences between right- and left-side scores in five bilateral FMS components. Data were analyzed descriptively using means, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages.

    Results: Most athletes (62.5%, n = 10) were classified as having moderate injury risk, while 18.75% (n = 3) were classified as high risk and 18.75% (n = 3) as low risk. Shoulder Mobility showed the highest prevalence of bilateral asymmetry (100%, n = 16), followed by the In-Line Lunge and Rotary Stability (62.5%, n = 10 each), Hurdle Step (50.0%, n = 8), and Active Straight Leg Raise (43.75%, n = 7).

    Conclusions: Bilateral functional movement asymmetry was common among badminton athletes, particularly in shoulder mobility, while most athletes were classified within the moderate injury-risk category. These findings support functional movement screening to identify movement limitations and inform individualized corrective exercise strategies.

    APA Citation Style
    Zahro', A. K. , & Pritama, M. A. N. (2026). Functional movement patterns and bilateral asymmetry in badminton athletes: A Functional Movement Screen analysis at the Malang Regional Training Center. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 196-207. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v5i2.756

  • Weightlifting coaches' and athletes' understanding of injury prevention programs: a case study of Lumajang and Malang

    Muhammad Izzan Atmagara1, Yulingga Nanda Hanief2
    1. State University of Malang , ID
    2. State University of Malang , ID
    2025-09-21
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.601
    Published Online: 21 September 2025
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    page 222-235
    Abstract

    Background: Weightlifting is a high-intensity sport with a high risk of injuries due to improper technique, insufficient warm-up, and excessive training loads.

    Objectives: This study explores the understanding, strategies, and barriers of weightlifting coaches and athletes in Lumajang District and Malang City related to implementing injury prevention programs in performance sports.

    Methods: This study used a qualitative case study approach. Participants were selected using purposive sampling, consisting of weightlifting coaches with at least one year of experience and athletes who had trained and competed at the regional level. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis, while data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, including reduction, presentation, and conclusion.

    Results: The results showed that coaches and athletes emphasized dynamic warm-ups, core and back strengthening exercises, and correct lifting techniques as the main strategies to prevent injuries. However, limitations in facilities, literature access, and training variety were identified as barriers to implementing optimal injury prevention programs.

    Conclusions: This study concludes that effective injury prevention in weightlifting requires structured warm-up routines, individualized training programs, and adequate supporting equipment. Strengthening coaches’ knowledge and providing better facilities are crucial to minimize injuries and enhance athlete performance.
    APA Citation Style
    Atmagara, M. I. , & Hanief, Y. N. (2025). Weightlifting coaches' and athletes' understanding of injury prevention programs: a case study of Lumajang and Malang. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 222-235. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v4i2.601

  • Professional and Elite Young Soccer Players: Differences in Functional Movement ScreenTM Values

    Italo Sannicandro1, Giacomo Cofano2, Rosario D'Onofrio3, Andrea Piccinno4
    1. Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Foggia , IT
    2. Master degree in Sciences and techniques of preventive and adapted motor activities, University of Foggia; Professional Soccer Strenght and Conditioning , IT
    3. Member of the Medical-Scientific Multidisciplinary Commission, Italian Football Doctors Association - L.A.M.I.CA. , IT
    4. Master degree in Motor Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce , IT
    2023-10-31
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v2i2.269
    Published Online: 31 October 2023
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    page 116-125
    Abstract

    Background: Soccer is a sport that requires very complex movements performed at high speeds: running, jumping, decelerating, changing direction or running direction, and kicking are complex movements that require high control and significant joint stability at all ages. Control of the body and individual body districts becomes important for both performance and injury prevention.

    Objective: This study aims to verify the Functional Movement Screen (FMSTM) values in different categories of players, from the youth leagues to professional soccer players.

    Methods: A sample of soccer players (n=112) took part in the study. The sample was subdivided according to their category, resulting in the following subgroups: a) professional soccer players (PSP, n=56,), Under 19 - Primavera (U19, n=29), Under 17 (U17, n=27). The FMS protocol was used to assess the seven functional movements and the associated risk of non-contact injury.

    Results: Statistically significant differences emerged in the total scores between the U17 group and the PSP group (14.8±2.9 vs 19.1±1.4, p<0.01), between the U17 group and the Under 19 - Primavera group (14.8±2.9 vs 16.2±2.1, p<0.05) and between the Under 19 - Primavera group and the PSP (16.2±2.1 vs 19.1±1.4, p<0.01).

    Conclusion: The values obtained show that young soccer players have a very different qualitative control of movement than highly qualified players. This study shows significant differences not only between the total scores, but more importantly between the individual 7 assessment tests that the FMS protocol includes: these values provide insight into which movements should receive more attention in athletic conditioning in the youth sector.

    APA Citation Style
    Sannicandro, I. , Cofano, G. , D'Onofrio, R. , & Piccinno, A. (2023). Professional and Elite Young Soccer Players: Differences in Functional Movement ScreenTM Values. Physical Education and Sports: Studies and Research, 116-125. https://doi.org/10.56003/pessr.v2i2.269
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