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Differential responses to seasonal soccer training in U-15 and U-17 players: Body composition, strength, agility, and effect size analysis
Rick Stoop1, Georgios Georgiadis2, Iván González-García31. Football Club Utrecht, Herculesplein 241, 3584 AA Utrecht , NL2. Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , NL3. Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos , ES2026-06-09|page 48-63AbstractBackground: Training programs during adolescence play a crucial role in optimizing body composition and physical performance in youth soccer players. However, differences in training adaptations between age groups, particularly in agility performance, remain insufficiently explored.
Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effects of a seasonal soccer training program on body composition, strength, and agility in U-15 and U-17 soccer players.
Methods: A pre–post experimental design was applied to 28 male youth soccer players (U-15: n = 15; U-17: n = 13) competing in a football league in the Netherlands. Participants completed a 16-week training program consisting of technical, conditioning, tactical, and mental components. Body composition (height, body mass, lean mass, fat mass), jump performance (SJ, CMJ, CMJmax), isokinetic strength (knee flexion and extension peak torque), and agility (Illinois Agility Test) were assessed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d.
Results: In the U-15 group, significant improvements were observed only in knee flexion (70.2 ± 15.8 vs. 95.4 ± 23.5 Nm, p = 0.006, d = 1.25) and extension peak torque (75.1 ± 20.4 vs. 96.8 ± 18.9 Nm, p = 0.012, d = 1.10). In contrast, U-17 players demonstrated significant increases in lean mass (50.2 ± 3.1% vs. 53.4 ± 2.3%, p = 0.021), reductions in fat mass (11.0 ± 2.9% vs. 8.7 ± 2.5%, p = 0.037), improvements in agility performance (16.2 ± 0.7 vs. 15.4 ± 0.65 s, p = 0.008, d = 1.18), and knee flexion peak torque (78.4 ± 26.5 vs. 118.3 ± 28.7 Nm, p = 0.003, d = 1.45), together with significant gains in jump performance (p < 0.05). Most significant changes in the U-17 group were accompanied by large effect sizes (d = 0.85–1.45).
Conclusions: The training program elicited greater physiological and performance adaptations in U-17 compared to U-15 players. The greater adaptations observed in the U-17 group may be partially influenced by differences in biological maturation; however, maturity status was not directly assessed in the present study.
APA Citation StyleStoop, R. , Georgiadis, G. , & González-García, I. (2026). Differential responses to seasonal soccer training in U-15 and U-17 players: Body composition, strength, agility, and effect size analysis. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 48-63. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v2i1.735 -
Analysis of dominant physical factors in volleyball skills: confirmatory analysis of the Bahana Muda volleyball team
Mahesa Dwi Chandra11. State University of Malang , ID2026-01-05|page 111-121AbstractBackground: Physical condition is an important determinant of volleyball skill performance, but few studies have empirically tested the structure of its dominant factors using a confirmatory approach.
Objectives: This study aims to identify the dominant physical condition factors that influence the playing skills of Bahana Muda Club volleyball athletes using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).
Methods: This study used a quantitative descriptive design. The sample consisted of 20 male volleyball athletes from the Bahana Muda Club who were selected through purposive sampling. The physical condition variables measured included speed (30-meter run), endurance (beep test), arm muscle strength (push-ups), abdominal muscle strength (sit-ups), leg muscle power (vertical jump), and agility (shuttle run). The analysis was conducted through an initial exploratory analysis and continued with CFA using IBM SPSS AMOS version 26. The goodness-of-fit model was evaluated using the CFI, TLI, and RMSEA indices.
Results: The CFA results show that leg muscle power (λ = 0.791), arm muscle strength (λ = 0.742), endurance (λ = 0.732), and agility (λ = 0.606) have significant factor loadings on volleyball skills (p < 0.05), while abdominal muscle speed and strength did not show significant contributions. The CFA model showed good data fit (CFI = 0.986; TLI = 0.978; RMSEA = 0.050).
Conclusions: Leg muscle power, arm muscle strength, endurance, and agility are the dominant physical factors in volleyball skills. Training programs should prioritize these components, and further research should involve larger samples and cross-clubs.APA Citation StyleChandra, M. D. (2026). Analysis of dominant physical factors in volleyball skills: confirmatory analysis of the Bahana Muda volleyball team. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i2.642 -
The effects of the FIFA 11+ program on lower limb functional outcomes: A systematic review
Yulingga Nanda Hanief1, Italo Sannicandro2, Raja Mohammed Firhad Raja Azidin31. State University of Malang , ID2. Clinical and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Foggia , IT3. Faculty of Sports Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA , MY2025-12-30|page 122-138AbstractBackground: The FIFA 11+ program has been proven effective in preventing soccer injuries, but evidence regarding its impact on lower extremity functional outcomes is still scattered and reported heterogeneously.
Objectives: This systematic review aims to synthesize evidence regarding the effects of the FIFA 11+ program on lower extremity functional outcomes—including ROM, knee extension, internal and external hip rotation, and hamstring muscle strength—in athletes.
Methods: This systematic review was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251147261) and conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A total of 14 studies involving athletes or physically active individuals met the inclusion criteria. Functional outcomes were measured using various instruments, primarily an isokinetic dynamometer for muscle strength and a goniometer for ROM measurement. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Due to substantial heterogeneity in study design, measurement instruments, intervention protocols, and reporting formats, a quantitative meta-analysis was not performed, and the data were synthesized using a qualitative narrative approach.
Results: Most studies (approximately 70–80%) reported an increase in hamstring muscle strength after the FIFA 11+ intervention, particularly in concentric and eccentric isokinetic measurements. Improvements in ROM and functional outcomes of the knee and hip were also reported, although results varied between studies. Evidence related to knee extension and hip rotation shows lower consistency compared to hamstring strength.
Conclusions: The FIFA 11+ program shows potential functional benefits beyond injury prevention, particularly in improving hamstring muscle strength and several aspects of joint mobility.APA Citation StyleHanief, Y. N. , Sannicandro, I. , & Azidin, R. M. F. R. (2025). The effects of the FIFA 11+ program on lower limb functional outcomes: A systematic review. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 122-138. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i2.670 -
Eccentric hamstring strength profile and limb asymmetry in sub-elite female taekwondo athletes: Implications for injury prevention
Christina Septya Dewi1, Pudjijuniarto Pudjijuniarto2, Awang Firmansyah3, Roy Januardi Irawan41. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID2. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID3. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID4. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID2025-06-17|page 70-79AbstractBackground: Taekwondo is a physical contact sport requiring quick reactions and explosive movements such as kicking, which depend heavily on hamstring muscle strength to maintain performance and reduce injury risk.
Objectives: This study aims to profile the eccentric hamstring strength and asymmetry in sub-elite female taekwondo athletes in East Java.
Methods: This was a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 22 female athletes with regional competition experience and no lower limb injuries were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using the NordBord by Vald Performance, a reliable tool for measuring eccentric hamstring strength and asymmetry. Descriptive statistics analyzed the mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and strength percentage relative to normative values.
Results: The athletes had an average age of 18.86±2.05 years, body mass of 57.45±8.90 kg, height of 160.68±6.72 cm, and BMI of24.33 ±2.51. Eccentric hamstring strength was 89.6% in the left leg, 85% in the right leg, and 87.2% overall, indicating the need for improvement.
Conclusions: The eccentric hamstring strength of both legs needs to be increased by approximately 12.8% while maintaining the current low asymmetry level to support muscle balance. Targeted hamstring strengthening exercises are recommended to enhance performance and reduce injury risk. This study is limited to female athletes; further research should include broader populations and variables.
APA Citation StyleDewi, C. S. , Pudjijuniarto, P. , Firmansyah, A. , & Irawan, R. J. (2025). Eccentric hamstring strength profile and limb asymmetry in sub-elite female taekwondo athletes: Implications for injury prevention. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.574 -
Injury trends in Pencak Silat: Impact of regulation changes on sparring athletes
Jhenny Ayu Suryaningrum1, Mohamad Nizam Mohamed Shapie21. State University of Malang , ID2. MARA University of Technology , MY2025-06-17|page 15-26AbstractBackground: Pencak Silat is a martial arts sport with high physical contact intensity, resulting in a high risk of injury. To improve safety and sportsmanship, PERSILAT changed the competition rules in 2017. However, the impact of these changes on athlete injury rates is still debated.
Objectives: This study aimed to compare injury rates between the old and new rules in the sparring category of Pencak Silat athletes.
Methods: The study involved 40 sparring category Pencak Silat athletes in the Greater Malang area, aged 16-25 years, who had experience competing before and after implementing the new rules. Sampling used a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed descriptively quantitatively with percentage calculations.
Results: The results showed a decrease in injury rates in the new rules compared to the old rules. 50.00% of respondents were injured 1-2 times under the new regulation, lower than 57.50% under the old regulation. The most common injury was bruising (27.06% under the new rules vs. 36.36% under the old rules), while dislocation injuries increased (18.82% vs. 15.58%). The most common injury was to the ankle. Most athletes stated that injuries affected their performance and daily activities.
Conclusions: Rule changes have not eliminated the risk of injury in high-contact sports such as Pencak Silat. A decrease in bruising followed by increased dislocations suggests the need for more specific prevention strategies. This study contributes to understanding the impact of new regulations on athlete safety.
APA Citation StyleSuryaningrum, J. A. , & Shapie, M. N. M. (2025). Injury trends in Pencak Silat: Impact of regulation changes on sparring athletes. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.511 -
Injury patterns and risk factors in high school futsal: An observational study
Rafif Jendra Atmaja11. State University of Malang , ID2025-06-17|page 1-14AbstractBackground: Sports injuries at an early age are crucial and must be given attention.
Objectives: This study aims to analyze injury patterns, causative factors, and prevention strategies specific to high school futsal players.
Methods: The research method used was descriptive quantitative with a cross-sectional study approach. The population in this study were male students of State Senior High School 1 Ponorogo who participated in class meeting activities, with purposive sampling technique found 24 samples. Data collected by questionnaire included information on the type of injury, location of injury, causative factors, injury treatment and type of rehabilitation.
Results: The results showed that the most common injuries were cuts/abrasions (29%) and bruises (23%), most common in the lower extremities, namely knees (23%) and ankles (20%), the most common cause of injury was physical contact (54%), most injuries occurred during the second half (67%), the most common first aid given was cold compresses (51%) and the most common rehabilitation/therapy was massage (25%) and physiotherapy (21%).
Conclusions: The findings can be concluded that the most dominant type of injury experienced by students is abrasion, especially in the knee area. In addition, the main causative factors of injury are fatigue, infrastructure, and collisions between players. The results of this study indicate the urgency of implementing injury prevention programs and the importance of conducting post-injury rehabilitation, in an effort to minimize the risk of injury to support the sustainability of students' careers in sports.
APA Citation StyleAtmaja, R. J. (2025). Injury patterns and risk factors in high school futsal: An observational study. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.513
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