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  • Analysis of dominant physical factors in volleyball skills: confirmatory analysis of the Bahana Muda volleyball team

    Mahesa Dwi Chandra1
    1. State University of Malang , ID
    2026-01-05
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i2.642
    Published Online: 05 January 2026
    |
    page 111-121
    Abstract

    Background: Physical condition is an important determinant of volleyball skill performance, but few studies have empirically tested the structure of its dominant factors using a confirmatory approach.

    Objectives: This study aims to identify the dominant physical condition factors that influence the playing skills of Bahana Muda Club volleyball athletes using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).

    Methods: This study used a quantitative descriptive design. The sample consisted of 20 male volleyball athletes from the Bahana Muda Club who were selected through purposive sampling. The physical condition variables measured included speed (30-meter run), endurance (beep test), arm muscle strength (push-ups), abdominal muscle strength (sit-ups), leg muscle power (vertical jump), and agility (shuttle run). The analysis was conducted through an initial exploratory analysis and continued with CFA using IBM SPSS AMOS version 26. The goodness-of-fit model was evaluated using the CFI, TLI, and RMSEA indices.

    Results: The CFA results show that leg muscle power (λ = 0.791), arm muscle strength (λ = 0.742), endurance (λ = 0.732), and agility (λ = 0.606) have significant factor loadings on volleyball skills (p < 0.05), while abdominal muscle speed and strength did not show significant contributions. The CFA model showed good data fit (CFI = 0.986; TLI = 0.978; RMSEA = 0.050).

    Conclusions: Leg muscle power, arm muscle strength, endurance, and agility are the dominant physical factors in volleyball skills. Training programs should prioritize these components, and further research should involve larger samples and cross-clubs.
    APA Citation Style
    Chandra, M. D. (2026). Analysis of dominant physical factors in volleyball skills: confirmatory analysis of the Bahana Muda volleyball team. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 111-121. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i2.642

  • Knowledge level of sports injury first aid using PRICE method among student-athletes in Indonesia: A case study

    Hison Naji Ar Rahman1
    1. State University of Malang , ID
    2025-06-17
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.555
    Published Online: 17 June 2025
    |
    page 50-59
    Abstract

    Background: Sports injuries are a risk often experienced by athletes, including special sports class students, so knowledge about proper injury management is needed, one of which is the PRICE method (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation).

    Objectives: This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge about first aid in sports injuries using the PRICE method among student-athletes.

    Methods: This study used a descriptive quantitative method with a survey technique. The research sample comprised 18 students selected through purposive sampling, using an instrument in the form of a questionnaire containing 48 items related to the PRICE method.

    Results: The results showed 33.3% of students had a high level of knowledge, 38.4% were moderate, 22.3% were low, and 5.5% were very low.

    Conclusions: The level of student knowledge of the PRICE method is mainly in the moderate to high category, but there are still some students with low understanding, especially in the Compression aspect, so further education is needed to improve the effectiveness of injury management. The compression component had the lowest understanding, indicating a need for further education and training.

    APA Citation Style
    Ar Rahman, H. N. (2025). Knowledge level of sports injury first aid using PRICE method among student-athletes in Indonesia: A case study. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 50-59. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.555

  • Gender differences in bilateral and ipsilateral lower limb strength asymmetry among football players

    Randy R. Manimtim1, Eissel Ronquillo2
    1. Office of Sports Development Program, Batangas State University The National Engineering University Lipa Campus , PH
    2. Department of Physical Education, School of Education, Holy Angel University , PH
    2026-06-02
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v2i1.681
    Published Online: 02 June 2026
    |
    page 1-10
    Abstract

    Background: Lower limb muscle strength asymmetry is a significant factor that can impact playing ability and increase the risk of injury in soccer players. Differences in leg use and the specific movement requirements of a sport can lead to strength imbalances, either on both sides of the body or on the same side. Lower limb muscle strength asymmetry, particularly bilateral and ipsilateral strength asymmetry, is a significant factor influencing performance and increasing injury risk in football players. Differences in limb dominance and sport-specific movement demands can lead to strength imbalances.

    Objectives: This study aimed to compare bilateral and ipsilateral lower limb strength asymmetry between male and female football players.

    Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 50 amateur football players (26 males and 24 females; aged 18–21 years). Isokinetic strength testing of knee extensors and flexors was performed at 60°/s. Bilateral asymmetry was calculated based on peak torque differences between limbs, while ipsilateral asymmetry was assessed using the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H/Q) ratio. Statistical analyses included the Mann–Whitney U test and independent t-test (p < 0.05).

    Results: Significant sex differences were found in bilateral strength asymmetry for both quadriceps (7.21 ± 4.04% vs 5.04 ± 3.13%, p = 0.02) and hamstrings (9.13 ± 5.15% vs 5.06 ± 4.04%, p = 0.01), with males showing greater asymmetry. Female athletes demonstrated values closer to the recommended asymmetry threshold (≤10–15%). No significant differences were observed in ipsilateral strength asymmetry (H/Q ratio) between groups (p > 0.05).

    Conclusions: Bilateral strength asymmetry differs by sex, with male athletes exhibiting higher imbalance, while ipsilateral strength balance is comparable between groups. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring individual strength asymmetry to inform targeted training strategies, reduce injury risk, and optimize performance in football players.

    APA Citation Style
    Manimtim, R. R. , & Ronquillo, E. (2026). Gender differences in bilateral and ipsilateral lower limb strength asymmetry among football players. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v2i1.681

  • Injury patterns and risk factors in high school futsal: An observational study

    Rafif Jendra Atmaja1
    1. State University of Malang , ID
    2025-06-17
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.513
    Published Online: 17 June 2025
    |
    page 1-14
    Abstract

    Background: Sports injuries at an early age are crucial and must be given attention.

    Objectives: This study aims to analyze injury patterns, causative factors, and prevention strategies specific to high school futsal players.

    Methods: The research method used was descriptive quantitative with a cross-sectional study approach. The population in this study were male students of State Senior High School 1 Ponorogo who participated in class meeting activities, with purposive sampling technique found 24 samples. Data collected by questionnaire included information on the type of injury, location of injury, causative factors, injury treatment and type of rehabilitation.

    Results: The results showed that the most common injuries were cuts/abrasions (29%) and bruises (23%), most common in the lower extremities, namely knees (23%) and ankles (20%), the most common cause of injury was physical contact (54%), most injuries occurred during the second half (67%), the most common first aid given was cold compresses (51%) and the most common rehabilitation/therapy was massage (25%) and physiotherapy (21%).

    Conclusions: The findings can be concluded that the most dominant type of injury experienced by students is abrasion, especially in the knee area. In addition, the main causative factors of injury are fatigue, infrastructure, and collisions between players. The results of this study indicate the urgency of implementing injury prevention programs and the importance of conducting post-injury rehabilitation, in an effort to minimize the risk of injury to support the sustainability of students' careers in sports.

    APA Citation Style
    Atmaja, R. J. (2025). Injury patterns and risk factors in high school futsal: An observational study. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.513
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