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  • Comparative physical fitness profiles of female long-distance and sprint swimmers at Petrokima Gresik Club: A descriptive study

    Kartika Jeaniar Fajar Nur Rahma1
    1. State University of Malang , ID
    2026-01-05
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i2.645
    Published Online: 05 January 2026
    |
    page 90-98
    Abstract

    Background: Physical condition is a fundamental factor that affects swimmers' performance in developing techniques, tactics, and competition strategies, especially for swimmers specializing in different distances, such as sprinters and long-distance swimmers.

    Objectives: This study aims to analyze the dominant physical profiles of female sprinters and long-distance swimmers, providing evaluation material for coaches to develop more targeted training programs.

    Methods: The study employed a quantitative descriptive design, utilizing a survey and test approach. The research subjects consisted of 20 female swimmers from the Petrokimia Gresik Club who were selected purposively, including 10 sprinters and 10 long-distance swimmers. Data collection was conducted in 2024 through push-up tests (measuring arm muscle strength), sit-ups (assessing abdominal muscle strength), vertical jump (evaluating leg muscle explosive power), and multistage fitness tests (testing aerobic endurance). Raw scores were converted into t-scores and then categorized using the Norm Reference Scale (NRS). Data analysis was performed descriptively using means, standard deviations, and percentages. This study has obtained ethical approval from the relevant ethics committee.

    Results: The analysis results show that in the sprinter group, 4 out of 10 athletes (40%) were in the "fair" physical condition category, while in the long-distance group, 5 out of 10 athletes (50%) were also in this category. In general, the components of arm muscle strength, abdominal muscle strength, leg muscle power, and aerobic endurance in both groups showed a relatively balanced distribution with a predominance of the adequate category.

    Conclusions: The physical condition of female sprinters and long-distance swimmers from the Petrokimia Gresik Club was at a relatively balanced level, with a predominance of the adequate category. These findings serve as a basis for evaluating and adjusting training programs according to the characteristics of specific swimming specializations.
    APA Citation Style
    Rahma, K. J. F. N. (2026). Comparative physical fitness profiles of female long-distance and sprint swimmers at Petrokima Gresik Club: A descriptive study. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 90-98. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i2.645

  • Associations and predictive value of isometric strength, isokinetic strength, and anaerobic power for 100-m freestyle performance in young swimmers

    Zied Abbes1, Rabeh Labbadi2, Faten Salhi3
    1. Physical Education Department, College of Education, Qatar University , QA
    2. Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba , TN
    3. Higher Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba , TN
    2026-06-02
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v2i1.726
    Published Online: 02 June 2026
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    page 21-34
    Abstract

    Background: Multiple physical and physiological factors influence sprint swimming performance; however, the relative contributions of isometric strength, isokinetic strength, and anaerobic power to 100-m freestyle performance in young swimmers remain unclear.

    Objectives: This study investigated the associations and predictive contributions of physical characteristics, isometric and isokinetic upper-body strength, and anaerobic power to 100-m freestyle swimming performance in young swimmers.

    Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 21 male swimmers aged 10–13 years, selected purposively. Eligibility criteria included a minimum of three years of structured swimming training, regular participation in 3–5 training sessions per week, and absence of musculoskeletal injuries. Upper-body strength was assessed using isometric and isokinetic dynamometry (60°/s and 180°/s), while anaerobic power was measured using the 30-s Wingate Anaerobic Test. Swimming performance was evaluated using a 100-m freestyle time trial. Pearson correlation and linear regression analyses were performed after verification of regression assumptions.

    Results: Swimming speed was significantly correlated with isometric elbow flexor strength (r = .49, p < .05), isokinetic flexor strength at 60°/s (r = .41, p < .05), and Wingate peak power (r = .37, p < .05). Simple linear regression analysis identified isometric elbow flexor strength as the strongest predictor of swimming performance (B = 0.005, p = .026, R² = .235), followed by isokinetic flexor strength at 60°/s (B = 0.004, p = .038, R² = .210) and Wingate peak power (B = 0.001, p = .031, R² = .198). No significant associations were observed for isokinetic strength at 180°/s.

    Conclusions: Upper-body muscular strength, particularly isometric elbow flexor strength, is a significant determinant of 100-m freestyle swimming performance in young swimmers. These findings highlight the importance of maximal force-generating capacity, alongside anaerobic power development, for sprint swimming performance.

    APA Citation Style
    Abbes, Z. , Labbadi, R. , & Salhi, F. (2026). Associations and predictive value of isometric strength, isokinetic strength, and anaerobic power for 100-m freestyle performance in young swimmers. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 21-34. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v2i1.726
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