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  • Eccentric hamstring strength and asymmetry in female handball athletes: A descriptive study

    Alvito Dandy Putra Sanjaya1, Awang Firmansyah2, Aziz Abdul Hakim3, Panji Bana4
    1. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID
    2. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID
    3. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID
    4. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID
    2025-06-17
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.553
    Published Online: 17 June 2025
    |
    page 60-69
    Abstract

    Background: Handball is a competitive sport that requires high physical strength and muscle endurance. The game requires a balance of muscle strength to support athletes in performing movements such as sprints, jumps, and fast movement maneuvers. Lack of flexibility and high hamstring muscle asymmetry values ​​are risk factors for injury to handball athletes.

    Objectives: This study aims to determine the eccentric strength and hamstring muscle asymmetry in female handball athletes in Surabaya City.

    Methods: The study subjects were 13 female handball athletes from Surabaya aged 18-23 years with regional-level competition experience and no lower extremity injuries. The instrument in this study is Nordbord by Vald Performance; Nordbord is a portable rapid assessment tool that can analyze large groups, providing information about the exact functional strength parameters quickly and efficiently. This study used a quantitative descriptive method to analyze hamstring muscle strength and asymmetry data.

    Results: Indicated the athletes had an average (body mass of 59.30 ± 10.94 kg and height of 164.80 ± 6.80 cm). The overall eccentric hamstring strength was 88.1% of the expected norm, with right and left maximum forces averaging 230.70 ± 48.80 N and 233.61 ± 50.15 N, respectively. The average asymmetry between legs was -1.44 ± 9.14%, suggesting relatively balanced muscle strength.

    Conclusions: The study concluded that hamstring eccentric strength in both legs should be improved by approximately 11.9% while maintaining the current low asymmetry levels to support muscle balance. Targeted training interventions are recommended to increase hamstring strength and minimize asymmetry, enhancing performance and reducing injury risk in female handball athletes.

    APA Citation Style
    Sanjaya, A. D. P. , Firmansyah, A. , Hakim, A. A. , & Bana, P. (2025). Eccentric hamstring strength and asymmetry in female handball athletes: A descriptive study. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 60-69. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.553

  • Foot biomechanics and injury risk factors in youth football players: A cross-sectional study

    Hamza Sinen1, Amirhossein Ghanbarian2
    1. Sintech Prosthesis Orthosis R&D and Innovation Trade Limited Company , TR
    2. Department of Biomechanics and Sport Injuries , Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran , IR
    2026-06-02
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v2i1.713
    Published Online: 02 June 2026
    |
    page 11-20
    Abstract

    Background: Altered plantar pressure distribution and foot alignment have been suggested in previous studies to be associated with ankle instability and overuse injuries; however, evidence in youth populations remains limited.

    Objectives: This study aimed to investigate foot biomechanics and potential injury risk factors in youth football players aged 5–15 years.

    Methods: This study employed an analytical cross-sectional design involving 30 youth football players recruited from local football academies. Participants were categorized into three age groups: 5–9 years (n = 10), 10–12 years (n = 10), and 13–15 years (n = 10). Data were collected through pedobarographic plantar pressure assessment, hallux valgus angle (HVA) measurement using a goniometer, navicular drop test (NDT), and subtalar angle assessment. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Shapiro–Wilk normality test, Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA with effect size (η²). A significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was applied.

    Results: The results showed that hindfoot plantar pressure was higher than forefoot pressure in both feet, indicating a posterior loading pattern. Hallux valgus angles were within normal ranges, while subtalar angles demonstrated a tendency toward pronation. Significant differences were observed in left foot HVA and left hindfoot pressure across age groups (p < 0.05), with moderate effect sizes (η² = 0.20–0.21). Correlation analysis revealed moderate to strong positive relationships between subtalar pronation and HVA variables.

    Conclusions: Youth football players exhibit biomechanical characteristics, such as increased hindfoot loading and subtalar pronation, that may represent adaptive responses to sport-specific demands and be associated with potential injury risk. However, given the study's cross-sectional design, these findings should be interpreted as descriptive biomechanical patterns rather than as direct predictors of injury. Early biomechanical screening and targeted preventive training may help support optimal athletic development.

    APA Citation Style
    Sinen, H. , & Ghanbarian, A. (2026). Foot biomechanics and injury risk factors in youth football players: A cross-sectional study. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 11-20. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v2i1.713

  • Eccentric hamstring strength profile and limb asymmetry in sub-elite female taekwondo athletes: Implications for injury prevention

    Christina Septya Dewi1, Pudjijuniarto Pudjijuniarto2, Awang Firmansyah3, Roy Januardi Irawan4
    1. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID
    2. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID
    3. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID
    4. Universitas Negeri Surabaya , ID
    2025-06-17
    doi https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.574
    Published Online: 17 June 2025
    |
    page 70-79
    Abstract

    Background: Taekwondo is a physical contact sport requiring quick reactions and explosive movements such as kicking, which depend heavily on hamstring muscle strength to maintain performance and reduce injury risk.

    Objectives: This study aims to profile the eccentric hamstring strength and asymmetry in sub-elite female taekwondo athletes in East Java.

    Methods: This was a quantitative descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 22 female athletes with regional competition experience and no lower limb injuries were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using the NordBord by Vald Performance, a reliable tool for measuring eccentric hamstring strength and asymmetry. Descriptive statistics analyzed the mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and strength percentage relative to normative values.

    Results: The athletes had an average age of 18.86±2.05 years, body mass of 57.45±8.90 kg, height of 160.68±6.72 cm, and BMI of24.33 ±2.51. Eccentric hamstring strength was 89.6% in the left leg, 85% in the right leg, and 87.2% overall, indicating the need for improvement.

    Conclusions: The eccentric hamstring strength of both legs needs to be increased by approximately 12.8% while maintaining the current low asymmetry level to support muscle balance. Targeted hamstring strengthening exercises are recommended to enhance performance and reduce injury risk. This study is limited to female athletes; further research should include broader populations and variables.

    APA Citation Style
    Dewi, C. S. , Pudjijuniarto, P. , Firmansyah, A. , & Irawan, R. J. (2025). Eccentric hamstring strength profile and limb asymmetry in sub-elite female taekwondo athletes: Implications for injury prevention. Sport, Exercise, and Injury, 70-79. https://doi.org/10.56003/sei.v1i1.574
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