Flies are one of the pests and are nuisance animals whose presence can harm humans. Flies can transmit cholera, dysentery, typhoid, and diarrhea. We can encounter several types of flies in everyday life, such as small, house, green, and so on (Arif & Lestari, 2019; Daramusseng et al., 2021; Harnani et al., 2021). Improving environmental hygiene and sanitation can be more effective and have more long-term benefits in fly management efforts. Efforts to improve environmental hygiene and sanitation can be made by reducing or eliminating fly reproduction sites, breeding grounds, or other sources that can attract flies. They can also reduce contact with flies by protecting or protecting food (Nadeak et al., 2021). According to Garmini and Purnama (2019), flies have a life cycle that starts from the development of eggs to adulthood, which only takes 10-12 days. Flies are also animals that can reproduce very quickly. A reasonably fast fly life cycle makes flies difficult to destroy and can only be controlled with limits that are not dangerous or cause health problems (Lestari et al., 2020; Wulandari, 2018).

A study conducted in Medan showed that the use of fly traps is an effective way to reduce fly density. The study showed a substantial decrease in fly density from the density level of 42.31% to 0.00% and from 46.15% to 30.77% (Tanjung, 2017). In the same study, it was also known that the use of various types of bait variations such as fish gills, bagasse, and shrimp in fly or fly traps was also an effective way in fly control efforts, as evidenced by the flies obtained respectively 353 tails, 518 tails and 245 tails (Tanjung, 2017). Similar research has been conducted using bottle traps with several bait variations. The bait variations used were shrimp bait, bagasse bait, and fish waste bait. In this study, it was found that the type of fish waste bait was the type of bait favored by flies as evidenced by the results of flies trapped in 5 days, namely 204, 179, 116, 110, and 79, with an average of 141 trapped flies (Pandaitan & Sambuaga, 2019). Several other studies show the same results, which prove that fish waste is a favorite bait for trapping flies in Fly Trap or traps rather than other baits (Ahmad et al., 2020; Saipin et al., 2019; Savitriani & Maftukhah, 2021).

According to data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS, 2020) of Batu City in 2019, diarrhea is among the top 10 diseases in Batu City. Fly control can be one of the efforts that can be done in order to implement clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) as an effort to reduce diarrheal disease. One of the efforts in controlling fly density is to reduce flies using fly or fly traps.

Although various housefly (Musca domestica) control methods have been developed, most previous studies have focused on the effectiveness of one type of bait or trap in isolation. For example, Nadeak et al. (2021) evaluated the effectiveness of various baits in fly traps and found that shrimp bait was most effective compared to fermented chili peppers and rotten tomatoes. However, the study did not examine the combination of different types of traps with bait variations in a traditional market environment with high human activity. In addition, the use of synthetic insecticides for housefly control often leads to resistance and negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, research integrating different traps and natural animal protein-based baits is needed to develop more effective and environmentally friendly fly control strategies in traditional market environments.

Based on this, this study was conducted to find trap variations and bait variations that are effectively used to attract and trap flies into the trap. Based on several studies that have been conducted, various uses of bait variations in fly traps can be used to reduce fly populations. With a wide variety of traps and baits, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of fly traps using a variety of baits at the Central Market in Tani Batu City.

This study offers a new approach to housefly (Musca domestica) control in traditional market environments by testing the effectiveness of a combination of traps and animal protein-based natural baits. Previous studies have generally focused on the effectiveness of one type of bait or trap separately. For example, the study by Sruthi et al. (2022) evaluated the attractiveness of various protein baits to fruit flies in agricultural fields. However, it did not examine the combination of baits and traps in a market environment with high human activity. Similarly, the study by Maung et al. (2019) developed a protein-based bait formulation to attract fruit flies in Myanmar but has not tested its effectiveness in a traditional market context. By combining three types of traps (bottles, nets, and blocks) and three types of natural baits (shrimp, fish gills, and chicken offal) in a dense traditional market environment, this study makes a novel contribution to an applicable and environmentally friendly fly vector control strategy.

Research to test the effectiveness of fly traps with various baits was conducted at the Among Tani Central Market in Batu City, located in Temas Village, Batu District, Batu City, which is a traditional market managed in a modern manner. There are three stages of the process carried out in this research. The first stage of the process will be carried out by placing three types of trap variations, each totaling three traps using three variations of bait. The trap variations used are fly, net, and block traps. The bait variations used are shrimp bait, fish gills, and chicken offal. The traps were placed at the waste management site (TPS) of Central Market, where data on the number of flies caught was obtained by setting the traps for two hours. Phase II was repeated by setting traps and bait variations the next day after setting the first trap. Phase III was conducted by repeating the study on the next day after laying the trap variations and bait variations in the second phase or second repetition.

Based on the results obtained in Table 1, it is known that on the first day of the data search, bottle traps with fish gill bait at the Central Market Waste Processing Site (TPS) contained the most flies. The number of flies in the bottle trap with fish gill bait amounted to 148.

Based on the results obtained in Table 2, it is known that on the second day of the data search, the bottle trap with fish gill bait contained the most flies. The number of flies in the bottle trap with fish gill bait amounted to 121.

Based on the results obtained in Table 3, it is known that on the third day of the data search, the bottle trap with fish gill bait in the TPS area of Central Market contained the most flies. The number of flies contained in the bottle trap with fish gill bait amounted to 126. The total catch is listed in Table 4 below.

Based on the results of data analysis in Table 4, it is known that the bottle trap with fish gill bait is the type of trap variation and bait variation that is most favored by flies so that flies are attracted to enter the trap. In this case, it is supported by the data obtained in the form of the number of flies trapped in the bottle trap with fish gill bait, which is 148 flies, then the net trap with fish gill bait is 58 flies, and the beam trap with fish gill bait is 27 flies. Referring to Figure 1, fish gills are the type of bait that traps the most flies (573 flies). Data from descriptive analysis can be seen in Table 5.

The results obtained from the ANOVA test were F = 0.477 and sig = 0.626. In these results, means p>0.05, which proves there is no significant difference in the number of flies trapped in each trap using various bait types. The results of the ANOVA test can be seen in Table 6.

The results showed that the bottle trap with fish gill bait descriptively was the most effective combination in catching flies, with a total catch of 395 flies over three days. Although the ANOVA test results did not show statistically significant differences between bait and trap variations (p > 0.05), the descriptive data showed that specific bait and trap shapes attracted more flies. This finding is in line with research conducted by Saipin et al. (2019), which showed that flies are more attracted to fish waste-based baits due to their strong aroma and high protein content. Research by Pandaitan and Sambuaga (2019) also supports these results, where fish waste bait types produced the highest number of fly catches compared to other bait types. This suggests that fish gills, as part of fish waste, have great potential as bait material in fly control in the market environment.

Flies are attracted to strong odors and white surfaces. Flies have a sense of smell on the antennae and palpus; the fly's sense of smell is so sensitive that it can smell weak odors, volatile substances, and fermented foods. Fish gill bait is the most favored bait by flies because flies eat foods eaten by humans, such as protein, sugar, milk, and others; besides that, flies also like to eat foods that are in the process of fermentation or decay. Flies tend to like wet food, while dry food will be moistened first with their saliva and then sucked (Saipin et al., 2019). The shrimp bait variation is also one of the effective bait variations used to trap flies. Shrimp bait succeeds in making many flies because it has a distinctive aroma and also the aroma of feces located on the head. In addition, the content of fatty acid protein sources in shrimp is also attractive to trapping flies in the trap (Saipin et al., 2019). Chicken offal bait is also one of the effective baits that can be used to catch flies because chicken offal has a very pungent odor and tends to be favored by flies (Hadi et al., 2022).

After obtaining data and testing the data that has been obtained, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in the type of trap variation and bait variation used at the Central Market in Tani Batu City. However, descriptively, the bottle trap is more capable of trapping flies in the trap than the net and block trap. The fish gill bait is more favored by flies than shrimp bait and chicken offal, so flies are attracted and enter the trap. Market and environmental conditions can influence the types of flies that enter the trap (Andiarsa, 2018; Munandar et al., 2018). Fruit and green flies are traditional markets' most common fly species (Sebayang & Sinaga, 2021). The type of merchandise provided can also be one of the factors affecting fly diversity (Rahayu et al., 2019; Rahim et al., 2020). In the fishmonger sector, which provides much fish, more houseflies were found than other types of flies (Fadhila et al., 2022).

After learning the research results, we noticed differences in results from some research on fly traps and bait variations that have been done before. Previous research states that chicken offal is a variation of bait that flies much favor to enter the trap compared to several other types of bait variations (Hadi et al., 2022). Different results from this study were also obtained in a study that stated that flies favored shrimp bait variations to lure flies into the trap compared to several other bait variations (Firiana Eva & Mulasari, 2021). Different results were also obtained in this study, showing that fish gill bait was more favored to attract flies into the trap than chicken offal bait and shrimp bait. Based on the results obtained, it is also known that fish gill bait has the opportunity and potential ability to lure flies into the trap, so this fish gill bait has great potential if used as bait in the installation of these types of traps to trap flies. One thing that supports fish gills as a potential bait is the nature of fish, which has a decaying process that can be considered fast. This is supported by fish with a very high-water content; therefore, fish can quickly decay. Flies also favor fish gills because they contain blood and have a distinctive and pungent odor. With the nature of flies, which are like liquid food or wet food, fish gills become the bait that is arguably favored by flies (Saipin et al., 2019).

Similar results were obtained in this study, in line with the results of previous studies, which also mentioned variations of fish gill bait as a potential and effective bait variation because it is favored by flies to attract flies into the trap (Saipin et al., 2019) and also in line with the research of Panditan and Sambuaga (2019) which mentioned the type of fly trap with fish waste bait was the most effective in attracting flies.

Many things can influence flies to enter the trap using the bait provided. Apart from the characteristics of the bait variations, the high density of flies can affect the number of flies trapped. External factors can affect the number of flies trapped in the trap. These factors are the availability of food for flies in the TPS environment and the cleaning of the TPS. Both of these have a relationship to the number of flies in a place; when the availability of food for flies tends to be a lot, the number of flies in a location will be higher, and also when the level of cleaning of the TPS at that location is pretty minimal, the fly population at that location will also be high (Marisdayana & Hermawan, 2022). This will affect the number of flies that can enter and be trapped, the higher the number of fly density, the higher the number of flies trapped.

This study's results indicate that bottle traps with fish gill bait are descriptively more effective in trapping flies. This finding can be a reference for market managers, sanitation officers, and public health agencies to use alternative traps that are more economical and environmentally friendly in controlling fly populations in traditional market temporary disposal sites (TPS). This finding supports promotive and preventive efforts in the Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (PHBS) program, especially in reducing the risk of vector-based diseases such as diarrhea, typhoid, and cholera, which are closely related to the presence of flies. This study opens opportunities for developing fly trap products based on local materials that can be mass-produced and adapted to the characteristics of a particular market or environment.

Based on the results of the study, it was found that there was no significant difference in bait variation and fly trap variation. However, although there was no significant difference, the descriptive analysis found that the most potential type of fly trap used to trap flies was a bottle trap; Fish gill bait was the most potential and favored type of bait variation to attract flies into the trap. Several things can affect the types of flies trapped in a place, such as environmental conditions in the market itself. Fly trapping has also proven to be an effective and potential method for controlling fly density.

The data underlying the findings in this article were obtained through direct observation in the field and have been documented by the researcher. The data is not publicly available but can be provided by the author of the correspondence upon reasonable request.

This research did not receive external funding.

The authors declare that there is no potential conflict of interest in conducting this research or in preparing this scientific article.